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1、智 课 网 G R E 备 考 资 料让你化身“心灵捕手”的GREIssue素材之四大动机理论-智课教育旗下智课教育让你化身“心灵捕手”的GRE,Issue素材之四大动机理论,GRE 想要在GRE作文部分的考试中写出优秀的文章，论据素材是重要的 一环。那么今天小编为考生分享让你化身“心灵捕手”的GRE Issue素材之四大动机理论，希望对考生有所帮助。 好的论据不仅能帮助你支撑观点，加强说服力，还能体现出考生在 阅读量上的积累和深厚扎实的语言功底基础。特别是ISSUE作文，更是 需要大量好素材作为储备，才能保证考生无论遭遇那种题目，都能游刃 有余地完成一篇高分作文的写作。小编为大家整理了GRE
2、 ISSUE作文各类题目的精品优质素材，让你化身“心灵捕手”的GRE Issue素材之四大动机理论，一起来看吧。 四大动机理论I： 本能理论Instinct is behavior that is inherited rather than learned. Instinct is an inborn tendency/ biological force that dominates behavior. Instincts are universal in expression and universal in a species. Instinct is viewed as in-built
3、 with regards to a babys attachment to its parents or caregivers. The reason for this development is that babies stay close to their parents because they are provided with protection. Human instincts are more flexible and more open to learning experiences than those of other species. Just like the i
4、mprinting of baby geese, so do human babies attach to his/her parents after many hours of interaction. An example of instinctual behavior is that all ants build anthills in the same way, even when they are not raised together, then the anthill building behavior is instinctual and not a learned respo
5、nse. Sex in humans is also instinctual. We are not born with the desire to engage in sexual activities, but as we reach puberty, there is a need for sexual stimulation. Even though we might not know what to do, it is instinctual. But, instincts only describe behavior; they do notexplain why a person
6、 engages in behavior. 四大动机理论II： 生物社会学理论 Sociobiology is the study of the biological basis for the social behavior of humans and other animals. Sociobiologists try to ascertain the function of various types of behavior in the life of an animal. Sociobiology is based on the theory that the central pro
7、cess of life is the struggle of genes to reproduce themselves. Theorists believe that natural preference favors behavior that maximizes reproductive attainmenttransmitting genes to the next generation. According to this theory, an organism inherits inclinations to develop certain types of behavior,
8、and these behavior patterns increase an organisms chances of transferring its genes to the next generation. It is believed that an organism can transmit its genes on, not only by reproducing but also by helping related organisms survive and reproduce.An example of this would be a bee stinging an int
9、ruder bee, in order to protect the life and genes of the queen bee (an organism sacrificing their life, for others, therefore passing on its genes). A humans will, for sacrificing their life for a relative or someone they know, is much stronger than that of sacrificing their life for someone they do
10、 not know. A lady will not usually sacrifice her life by running across the road to save a child, (that she does not know), in traffic, whereas if it were her own child, she would sacrifice her life in order to save her childs life and to carry on the genes. There are ongoing debates about sociobiol
11、ogy and its relevance to human motivation. Some theorists believe that sociobiologists overestimate the influence of biology and underestimate the influence of culture. In the African culture, African men consider African women with large buttocks appealing, which may be viewed as unattractive in ot
12、her cultures.四大动机理论： 驱动理论 A drive is defined as an observation that organisms seek to maintain homeostasis, a state of physiological equilibrium/stability. A drive assists an organism in alleviating inner tension. For example, drinking alleviates thirst. Drive theory explains why people eat, sleep,
13、seek pleasure, avoid pain and engage in sex. There is a distinction between Primary and Secondary drives. Primary drives are the most basic, inborn needs in our psychological systems and secondary drives, also known as learned motives, are learned through association with the reduction of primary dr
14、ives. It is understood that most drive theories are unlearned, biological drives, which progressively develop a bigger set of appropriate drives through learning. The sleep motive is an example of drive theory. If a person goes without sleep, for quite a while, they begin to experience some discomfo
15、rt, tiredness, which is an internal tension and a drive motivates you to obtain sleep. Sleeping reduces the drive and restores physiological balance. But drive theories can not explain all facets of human motivation.四大动机理论： 激励理论 Incentive theory is striving towards attaining external goals. Incentiv
16、e theorists believe that the source of motivation is external, in the environment. Incentives pull you to act, whereas drives push you to act. Incentive theory is not related to the principle of homeostasis, it emphasizes environmental factors. Not everyone can always achieve his or her desired goals. Expectancy-value models explain ones motivation to persevere in two ways, the merit of the incentive, if it appeals to you, and the probability of ones chances of attaining the incentive.
