《语法讲义-从句》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《语法讲义-从句（8页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、语法讲义语法讲义 一一.状语从句状语从句 状语从句是英语句法中比较重要的环节，可以用来表示时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、 结果、方式、比较和让步等。 1. 时间状语从句 1) 由 as, while 引导时，表主句和从句动作同时发生，或一个动作在另一个动作或状态的过 程中； 2) 由 after, when 引导时，表示主句动作在从句动作之后； 3) 由 before, when 引导时，表示主句动作发生在从句动作之前； 4) 由 whenever, every / each time 引导时，表示主句动作以从句动作为条件而发生；eg: We can leave when you are re
2、ady. (你什么时候准备好，我们就可以动身了。动身这 个动作是在这个人准备好了之后发生的。) 5) 由 as soon as 引导时，表示主句动作发生在从句动作的一瞬间之后（注意：the moment，the instant，the second，the minute 都可做连词用，引导定语从句，意思是 as soon as。 ） ； 6) 由 just/ hardlywhen, no soonerthan 引导时，表示主句动作发生在从句动作一瞬间之 前。eg: No sooner had we reached the top of the hill than we all sat down
3、 to rest. 2. 原因状语从句，由 because, as, since 或复合连接词 now that，in that 等引导。 （注意：for 是连词，虽然也可以表示“因为“，但其后所接的是并列句中的一个独立句，而非从句。 ）eg: Now that my head had cleared, my brain was also beginning to work much better. 3. 地点状语从句，由 where, wherever 引导。 eg Although he knew little about the large amount of work done in
4、the field, he succeeded where other more well-informed experimenters failed. 4. 条件状语从句，由 if, as (so) long as 和 unless 引导。条件状语从句分为两大类：真实条件句和虚拟条件句。当从句所表达的条件是有可能 实现的、有可能是真实的条件时，用真实条件句；如果从句所表达的条件是不可能实现的、 与客观事实完全相反的条件或假设时，用虚拟条件句。真实条件句在使用中也有需要注意的事项：从句中的动词应该用一般现在时代替一般 将来时；用现在完成时代替将来完成时。 eg：You can arrive i
5、n Beijing earlier for the meeting provided you dont mind taking the night train. 5. 目的状语从句，由 so that, in order that, in case 等引导。注意：这类从句中常常用情态动词 may/ might, can/ could, should 等，以保证语气通顺 自然。I was advised to arrange for insurance in case I needed medical treatment. 6. 结果状语从句 由 so that, sothat, suchtha
6、t 等引导。注意：sothat 与 suchthat 的区别在于：前者的省略号处是形容词或副词，而后者的 省略号处最终是一个名词。 “最终”的意思是，该名词前也可以出现形容词甚至出现修饰形 容词的副词，但整个词组的中心词是这个名词。 7. 让步状语从句，由 though, although, even if, even though, however, no matter how/ what/ who 等引导。注意对让步状语从句的掌握要注意以下几点内容。1) 使用 though, although 时，务必避免与 but 连用。2) even if, even though 和 as if,
7、as though 不同。后者常常要求使用虚拟语气。eg: Ive already told you that Im going to buy it, however much it costs. 8. 比较状语从句，由 than, thethe, asas 引导。eg: They usually have less money at the end of the month than they have at the beginning. 9. 方式状语从句, 由 in the same way, as 等引导。 eg: Careful surveys have indicated that
8、 as many as 50 percent of patients do not take drugs as directed. 二二.定语从句定语从句 定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名次性成 分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。 一、 限定性定语从句 1. that 即可代表事物也可代表人，which 代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that 在从 句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which 在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果 which 在 从句中作“不及物动词介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关 系代词 which 的
9、前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置 2. which 作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与 which 之间的介词 不能丢 3. 代表物时多用 which，但在带有下列词的句子中用 that 而不用 which，这些词包括 all, anything, much 等，这时的 that 常被省略。 4. who 和 whom 引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom 作宾语时， 要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 5. where 是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句 6. when 引导定语从句表示时间 注值得一提的是，表示时间“time“一词的定语从句只用
10、 when 引导，有时不用任何关 系代词，当然也不用 that 引导。 By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc. 7. whose 是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前
11、置所有格 8. 当从句的逻辑主语是 some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything 或 nothing 时，常用 there is 来引导 二、非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常 和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。 1. which 引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 2. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that 有时相当于 in which, at which, for which 或 at which Attitu
12、des towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做 梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。 I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐， 而他恰恰与我相反。 We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好
13、我们到的那天他们走了。 3. 有时 as 也可用作关系代词 4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用 that，而用 who, whom 代表人，用 which 代表事物. 难点分析（一）限制性定语从句只能用 that 的几种情况 1当先行词是 anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some 等代 词时，或者是由 every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等修饰时 (1) Have you taken down everything that Mr.
14、Li has said? (2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world. (3) All that can be done has been done. (4) There is little that I can do for you. 注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用 who e.g. Any man that/.who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing. 2. 当先行词被序数词修饰 (1) The first place that they
15、 visited in London was the Big Ben. 3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 (1) This is the best film that I have seen. 4. 当形容词被 the very, the only 修饰时 (1) This is the very dictionary that I want to buy, (2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned. 当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用 who (3) Wang Hua is the o
16、nly person in our school who will attend the meeting/ 5. 当先行词前面有 who, which 等疑问代词时 (1) Who is the man that is standing there? (2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 6. 当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时 (1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned? （二）关系代词 as 和 which 引导的定语从句 as 和 which 引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是： 1As 和 which 都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。 (1) He married her,
