一、名词的种类

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1、一、 名词的种类 单一名词和合成名词 名词从结构上可以分为两大类: 单一名词(single-word nouns) 合成名词(compound nouns) 顾名思义,单一名词指一个词构成的名词,如:group, people, book, girl, hair, table, water, difficulty。英语中的大部分名词是单一名词。合成名词指由两个或更多词合成的名词。合 成名词从形式上看可分成下面几类: 写成一个词的合成名词,如:goldsmith, boyfriend, seaside, spaceship, typewriter, headmaster, warehouse,

2、warhead, friendship, greenhouse, homework。 用连字号连接起来的合成名词,如:night-club, arm-chair, reading-room。有些词可 以构成很多合成名词,如:fire 可构成fire-alarm (火警),fire-bomb(燃烧弹) , fire-engine(消防车),fire-escape (太平梯),fire-fighter(消防队员),fire- power(火力),fire-practice(消防演习)等。 没有连字号连接的合成名词,如:fire brigade (消防队),fire extinguisher(灭火

3、器) , fire station (消防站), music lessons (音乐课),water pump (水泵),horror film (恐怖影片), zip code (邮政编码),cotton goods (棉织品)等。 如何写法没有硬性规定,大体上有下面几点可作参考: 两个短词构成的合成名词常可写在一起,如:teacup, housewife, lawsuit, bookmark, (书签)bookworm,(书呆子)bookstall,(书摊) bookstore(书店) 。 有些虽然短却不连写,如:bus-stop (公共汽车站),tea break (午茶休息时间),te

4、a- leaf (茶叶),tea-table (茶几),tea-party(茶会)。 有些合成词由动词和其它词构成,如:make-up (化妆),set-up (结构),try-out (试 用);或由动名词构成,如:looking-glass (窥镜),stepping-stone (踏脚石), waiting-list (等候名单),bathing-suit (游泳衣);或由self 构成,如:self- respect (自尊心), Self-control (自我控制),self-defence(自卫),self-interest(自私的考虑),self- confidence(自信)

5、;或由三个词构成,如:son-in-law (女婿),editor-in-chief(总编), commander-in-chief(总司令),hide-and-seek(捉迷藏),man-of-war(军舰),一般都用连 字号。 已完全被接受为合成名词的,可连写或加连字号,如:sunbathing(日光浴), sunglasses, sunrise, battle-cry(口号),否则分开写,如:writing materials(书写材 料),the working class(工人阶级),working atmosphere(工作环境),working age(工 龄)。 这是一个比较复

6、杂的问题,在没有把握时最好查一部好的字典。 另外,按照字的构成,合成名词还可分成下面几类: 形容词+名词: a black list (黑名单),a black sheep (败家子),a green house (温室),a heavy weight (重量级拳击手),a white lie (无害的谎言),old hand (老手),red tape (繁 文缛节) 动名词+名词: a running mate (竞选伙伴),a skating-rink (溜冰场),a walking-stick (手杖),baking powder(发酵粉),drinking water (饮用水),s

7、leeping-pills(安眠药) 名词+动名词: book-keeping(簿记), daydreaming(白日梦),handwriting(书法),horse-riding(骑马), sunbathing(日光浴),weightlifting(举重) 由副词构成的名词: Breakdown (失败),lookout (注意),breakup (破裂),income (收入),uprising (起义) Well-being (康乐) 名词+名词: a car key (车钥匙),an aircraft-carrier (航空母舰),an air-conditioner (空调机) ai

8、r raid (空袭),airport shuttle (机场班车),bank account (银行账户) 其它合成名词: bride-to be (未来新娘),comrade-in-arms (战友),looker-on (旁观者),merry-go- round (旋转木马),nouveau riches (暴发户),stay-at-home (不爱出门的人) 普通名词与专有名词: 名词可分为两大类: 专有名词(proper nouns) 专有名词主要指人名,地名或某类人或事物的名称,如: 人名 地名 某些人的名称 某些抽象事物的名称:Buddhism, English, Geneva

9、Conference, NATO; 月份、周日及节日名词:June, Monday, Easter, Christmas; 书名、电影及诗歌名:A Tale of Two Cities, Gone with the Wind, Ode to the West Wind, Marseillaise (马赛曲); 对家人的称呼:Mum, Dad, Auntie, Uncle Tom 专有名词的开头要大写。专有名词以外的名词都是普通名词。 普通名词(common nouns) 普通名词可分为四类: 个体名词(individual nouns); 集体名词(collective nouns); 物质名

10、词(mass nouns); 抽象名词(abstract nouns); 其中个体名词和集体名词可以用数来数的,称为可数名词(countable nouns); 物质名词 和抽象名词是无法以数计的,称为不可数名词(uncountable nouns) 。因此,名词的分类 可以通过下表表示:专有名词 名词: 可数名词: 个体名词集体名词 普通名词: 不可数名词: 物质名词 抽象名词 个体名词 个体名词指作为个体而存在的人或东西,可以指具体东西,如: She has three brothers. There are hundreds of parks in the city. He isnt f

11、ond of cats. Most offices have computers. 也可以指抽象的东西,如: He has been here for a month. He gave her an account of his progress. The affair remained a completely mystery. I had a dream last night. 下面是一些常见的个体名词 accident account actor adult animal answer apartment article artist baby bag ball bank battle

12、beach bed bell bill bird boat book bottle box boy bridge brother bus bush camp captain car card ease castle cat chair chapter chest child cigarette city class club coat college computer corner country cup daughter day desk doctor dog dream dress driver ear edge effect egg election engine eye face fa

13、ctory farm father field film finger foot friend game garden gate girl group gun hall hand handle hat head heart hill horse hospital hotel hour house husband idea island issue job journey judge key king kitchen lady lake library line list machine magazine man meal meeting member message method minute

14、 mistake model month motor mouth nation neck newspaper office page park party path picture plan plane plant problem product programme project ring river road room scheme school ship shirt shock shop sister smile son spot star station stream street student table task teacher tent thought tour town valley village wall week window wom

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