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1、高分子化学常见名词（中英文）Side groups All the carbon based polymers you will find mentioned on this site have the structure -C-C-C-C-C-C- etc. Anything hanging off that centre chain that is not a hydrogen atom is a side group. 侧基：任何悬挂在高分子主链上的非氢原子均称为侧基。Functional Group An atom or group of atoms that has similar
2、chemical behavior, no matter what the rest of the molecule looks like. For example, the hydroxy (OH) group in all alcohols has similar reactivity, as does the thio (SH) group in all thiols. 官能团：分子中存在的一部分原子、原子团或特征结构，容易发生体现分子主要性质的某些特征反应，因此称它们为官能团。Hydrogen bond The strongest attraction between two dipo
3、les is when one or both of them involves a bond between hydrogen and a strongly electronegative atom, like oxygen, fluorine, or nitrogen. Because hydrogen only has one electron, if it forms a bond with an element that is very keen to grab an electron, it becomes much more positive than an element th
4、at has plenty of other electrons left to hang around the positively charged nucleus. Dipole-dipole interactions between these sort of molecules (like water H2O, ammonia NH3, hydrofluoric acid HF) are so much stronger than ordinary dipole-dipole bonds that we give them the special name of hydrogen bo
5、nds. 氢键：氢键是极性很强的 X H 键上的氢原子与另外一个键上电负性很大的原子上的孤对电子相互吸引而形成的一种键。氢键作用力比一般的偶极间相互作用力大。氢键具有饱和性和方向性。Monomer Any small molecule that can undergo a reaction in which it is incorporated into a large molecule containing many similar units. Common monomers are vinyl acetate, styrene, butadiene and vinyl chloride.
6、 (Yes, it is appropriate to consider hydrocarbons as polymers of methylene!) 单体:能够发生反应生成大分子的小分子物质，最常用的单体如：醋酸乙烯，苯乙烯，丁二烯，氯化乙烯等。 （习惯上称亚甲基聚合物为碳氢化合物）Polymer A large molecule (molecular weight 10 000 or greater) composed of many smaller molecules (monomer) covalently bonded together. Some of us think they
7、 are much better than any of those little molecules, but the other chemists are always telling us size doesnt matter. 聚合物：由许多小分子（单体）通过共价键连接而成的大分子物质（分子量大于 1 万） 。Polymerisation The process in which many small molecules (molecular weight 100) are joined together to form a few, much larger molecules (mo
8、lecular weight 10 000 - 10 000 000). The two ways in which this happens are chain-growth and step-growth polymerisation. 聚合：许多小分子物质（分子量约为 100）连接在一起生成高分子（分子量为 10410 7）的过程。主要有连锁聚合和逐步聚合两大类。Free Radical A member of the socialist party not caught by McCarthys inquisition. Also a molecule which has an odd
9、 number of electrons. The unpaired electron feels lonely and wants to find a friend. If it finds something that might be willing to give it an electron it reacts very quickly with it. Molecules such as other radicals and alkenes turn out to be good things for radicals to attack. The reaction of radi
10、cals with the double bonds in alkenes is how some of us earn our living. 自由基：化合物中共价键发生均裂时，共价键上两个电子分属于两个基团，这种带独电子的基团呈中性。Radical Chain PolymrizationChain polymerization is initiated by a reactive species R* produced from some compound I termed an initiator. The reactive species, which may be a free-ra
11、dical, adds to a monomer molecule by opening the -bond to form a new radical. The process is repeated as many more monomer molecules are successively added to continuously propagate the reactive center. Polymer growth is terminated at some point by destruction of the reactive center by an appropriat
12、e reaction depending on the type of reactive center and the particular reaction conditions.自由基聚合：由一种称为引发剂的化合物产生的反应种所引发的链式聚合。这个带有自由基的反应种通过打开双键加入到单体分子上，从而形成新的自由基。这个过程不断重复，更多的单体连续地加入到反应中心上，形成大的自由基反应中心。当一种破坏反应中心的反应发生时，聚合物增长被终止，这将依赖于反应中心的类型和特定的反应条件。Addition Polymerisation Also known as chain-growth polym
13、erisation. The mechanism in which large numbers of usually identical small molecules are joined together to rapidly form a single large molecule. This involves the addition of reactive centre (anion, cation, or unpaired electron) to a multiple bond to form a new bond and a new reactive centre - whic
14、h reacts with another multiple bond, et cetera. The finished chain then hangs around without reacting while more of the starting material reacts to form new polymer chains. 加成聚合：又称为连锁聚合。聚合机理是，大量的小分子快速地连接在一起形成一个大分子。反应中心（阴离子、阴离子和不成对电子）加成到单体的双键中生成新的键和新的反应中心，之后再与另一个单体反应，以此持续反应下去。当不再反应时，链的增长停止，同时新的反应开始，生
15、成新的聚合物链。Initiator A compound required to start a chain reaction, such as free-radical polymerisation. Unlike a catalyst, it is consumed in the reaction, but only a small quantity is normally required since one molecule of initiator can initiate the reaction of many other molecules. 引发剂：能够引起连锁反应（如自由基
16、聚合）的化合物。与催化剂不同，引发剂在反应中能被消耗掉，但是一般只需要少量的引发剂，因为一个引发剂分子能够引发许多单体分子的反应。Benzoyl Peroxide A common initiator used to start chain growth polymerisation. It undergoes a decomposition reaction at the peroxide (O-O) bond. Here is a picture:过氧化二苯甲酰（BPO）：用于引发链增长聚合的常用过氧类引发剂，引发时过氧键(OO) 断裂分解。其结构式如下图所示:Initiator EffciencyThe initiator efficiency f is defined as the fraction of the radicals formed in the primary step of initiator decomposition, which are successful in initiating
