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1、摘 要 世界人口日益增加，蔬菜等农产品的需求量也日渐增长，世界各国对农业生产的发展都给予了极大的重视和关注。中国是世界上的农业大国，农业机械化是我国农业现代化的重要组成部分，经过 60 年的发展，为改变我国传统的农业耕作方式，促进农业由粗放型向集约型转变，促使农村产业结构和农业经济结构的调整、优化的不断深入和完善，发挥了非常重要的作用，并取得了显著的成绩。中国已经进入 WTO，农业机械的使用在农业生产中的广度和深度都会有很大提高，农业机械化的作用将得到进一步的发挥，这必将开创我国农机事业的新局面。 随着我国农业种植结构调整和蔬菜等农产品出口量的逐年增加，大面积集中式的农作物种植已成为必然。而育
2、苗移栽技术，也成为农业发展中的一项关键技术。育苗移栽能够有效抵御干旱、低温、病虫害等自然灾害，节省种子并提高单位面积产量，对于发展高产高效农业具有重要意义。 长期以来，农业生产中劳动密集型的特点造成移栽作物的劳动力成本占生产成本的 50%以上。人工移栽劳动强度大、效率低，而机械化移栽能减轻种植户的劳动强度，提高作业效率，以便达到增产、增收的目的，因此实现移栽作业的机械化已成为我国农作物移栽种植中迫切需要解决的问题。目前，一些发达国家生产的移栽机具通用性较强，工作可靠性较好，但其结构复杂，造价也比较昂贵，而国内适用于大面积移栽的幼苗移栽机还不成熟，因此，研制适应我国国情的移栽机具，对转变我国农业
3、生产中劳动密集型的特点，降低生产成本，节约劳动力具有理论和实用价值。 本课题在研究国内外覆膜栽植技术和移栽机的发展现状的基础上，总结了现有移栽机的优缺点。针对现有移栽机移栽作物单一、分苗及落苗不易控制、株距不易调节等问题，借鉴了前人的研究成果，设定了一种新型的移栽动作过程，并据此设计了移栽机的滑苗、取苗、停苗、放苗、膜上打孔等机械结构。结合其机械结构及移栽动作过程，设计了该移栽机的控制系统。 系统的硬件电路设计主要包括扩芯片的选择、电源转换电路设计、信号采集与处理电路设计、开关量输出控制电路设计、人机接口电路设计等。系统硬件设计采用模块化的设计方法，使系统具有良好的扩展性。硬件电路设计完成后进
4、行了 PCB 电路板的设计，通过看门狗、光耦隔离等方法提高系统的安全性及抗干扰性。控制系统的软件设计采用高级语言 KEIL C51，通过编写信号检测程序，执行机构控制程序，键盘输入及显示程序最终实现牵引拖拉机速度变化的情况下，幼苗株距的精确调整及移栽工作的完成。 本课题是国内移栽机械与单片机相结合的初步尝试，控制系统价格低廉，操作简单。经试验表明，应用本控制系统的新型移栽机可降低劳动强度，提高移栽速度及栽植可靠性。课题研究中所遇到和解决的问题、实验中得到的各种数据等为今后高性能移栽机的进一步研究奠定了基础。 关键词：农业机械；移栽机；单片机；覆膜移栽 Study on the Control
5、System for Seedling Transplanter Based on 51 Series Microcontroller Author： Shao Yan Supervisor： Qian Dong-ping Major：Agricultural Mechanization Abstract With the increasing of the world population, the demand for vegetables and other agricultural products is growing. Various countries in the world
6、have given great attention and concern to agricultural production. China is the major agricultural country in the world, and agricultural mechanization is an important part of agricultural modernization in China. Through 60 years of development, China greatly changed its traditional agricultural pra
7、ctices, promoting agricultural transformation from extensive to intensive. China also prompted the adjustment of industry and economic structure, deepening and improving optimization. With Chinas entrance into the WTO, the use of agricultural mechanism will experience a great increase in breadth and
8、 depth, and agricultural mechanization will play a greater role, which will create new prospects for agricultural machinery business in China. With the adjustment of agricultural structure and the annual increase in the amount of agricultural products such as vegetables exports, large-scale centrali
9、zed crop farming has become a necessity. The transplanting technology in agricultural development has become a key technology. Transplanting can effectively resist drought, cold, pests and other natural disasters, saving seeds and increasing yield per unit area. Hence transplanting is important for
10、developing high efficient agriculture. Over the years, the characteristics of labor-intensive agricultural production have caused the labor transplanting crop production costs to account for more than 50%. The artificial transplanting labor strength is high and its efficiency is poor. Mechanized tra
11、nsplanting can reduce the labor intensity of farmers and improve operational efficiency in order to increase production and income. Therefore, achieving Chinese agricultural mechanization of transplant operation has become important problem which must be solved. At present, some developed countries
12、produce generic transplanting equipment more strongly and their operational reliability is better. However, their structure is complex and their costs are also higher. Since the suitable large-scale transplanting seedlings transplanting machines are not yet ripe domestically, to develop the transpla
13、nting machines and tools which is conducive to Chinese national conditions has a theoretical and practical value to changing the characteristics in labor-intensive agricultural production, lowering production costs, and saving labor. On the basis of the study of planting techniques and the developme
14、nt of transplanting machines at home and abroad, the issue summarized the advantages and disadvantages of the existing transplanting machine. Address the existing problems of the transplanting machine such as transplanting a single; sub-Miao and drop not easy to control; difficult to regulate the di
15、stance between plants, drawing the results of previous studiest，he issue set a new type of transplant action process，and accordingly designed the mechanical structures of transplanter such as slip seedling; take seedling; stop seedling; put seedling and membrane punch. Combined with its mechanical structure and the process of transplanting action, designed the control system of the transplanting machine The systems hardware circuit design includes the chips select, power conversion circuit design, signal acquisition and processing circuit design, and human-machi
