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1、Unit Four: The New Republic1789-1825,Chapter Eight: A New Nation1789-1800,Section One:The First President,Guide to Reading,Main IdeaPresident Washington and the first Congress tackled the work of establishing a new government.Read to Learnwhat actions were taken to launch the new government.how Hami
2、lton proposed to strengthen the economy.,Section ThemePresident Washington and Congress took actions that shaped the future of government in our nation.Key Termsprecedentcabinetnational debtbondspeculatorunconstitutionaltariff,Did You Know?,The dome that visitors see today on the United States Capit
3、ol is actually the second dome that topped it. The first dome, designed by Boston architect Charles Bulfinch, was finished in 1824. It was wood covered by copper. But by the 1850s, it was thought to be too low and unimpressive. It was removed in 1856 to make way for the new dome that still graces th
4、e building today.,President Washington,Although Washington thought he was going to retire after the war, he was elected the first president of the United States under the federal Constitution (there had been several presidents under the Articles of Confederation). On April 30, 1789, he took the oath
5、 of office. John Adams became vice president.,President Washington,Washington was aware of the difficulties and decisions he had to face. He would establish precedents that would shape the future of the United States. He would make many decisions especially about the structure of government.,Preside
6、nt Washington,Congress set up a cabinet with three departments:The State Department to handle relations with other nations, headed by Thomas JeffersonThe Treasury Department to deal with financial matters, headed by Alexander HamiltonThe War Department to provide for the national defense, headed by
7、Henry Knox,President Washington,Congress created the office of attorney general to handle the governments legal affairs.Edmund Randolph was the first attorney general. Congress also established the office of postmaster general to direct the postal service.,President Washington,Washington met regular
8、ly with the three department heads, or secretaries, and the attorney general, which together became known as the cabinet.,President Washington,Congress was divided as to how much power the president should hold over the executive departments. The president appointed the department heads with the Sen
9、ates approval. Congress gave the president authority over hiring and firing cabinet officers so that he did not need the Senates approval to dismiss someone. This strengthened the presidents position and created a major separation between the legislature and the executive branches.,President Washing
10、ton,The Judiciary Act of 1789 was actually a compromise act. One group in Congress favored a national legal system, and a second favored state courts. The act established a federal court system with 13 district courts and 3 circuit courts. State laws would remain, but federal courts would have the p
11、ower to reverse state decisions.,President Washington,The Supreme Court was to be the highest court with final authority. John Jay was appointed chief justice.,President Washington,Many people felt the Constitution needed a guarantee of personal liberties. In fact, some states supported the Constitu
12、tion because a bill of rights was to be added to it. James Madison presented a list of amendments to Congress.Congress passed 12 amendments.The states ratified 10 of them.These 10 amendments became known as the Bill of Rights and were added to the Constitution in December 1791.,Discussion Question,W
13、hy was the Bill of Rights created?,Financial Problems,Hamilton, as secretary of the treasury, tried to find a way to strengthen the countrys financial problems. He proposed the Hamilton Plan. It said that the new government should pay off the millions of dollars in debts owed by the Confederate gove
14、rnment to other countries and to individual citizens.The nation should pay for the cost of their help.Further, by the federal government assuming the states debts, this would give the states a strong interest in the success of the new government.,Financial Problems,There was opposition to Hamiltons
15、plan. Congress agreed to pay money to other nations, but they could not agree to pay off the debt to American citizens.,Financial Problems,When the government borrowed money during the war, it issued bonds, or paper notes, promising to repay the money in a given period of time. Speculators bought ma
16、ny of the original bonds for less than their value. Hamiltons plan proposed paying off these bonds at their original value, and opponents said this would make the speculators rich.,Financial Problems,The original bond owners were also opposed because they had lost money on their bonds and the new bond owners had made money, only to make more if Hamiltons plan was enacted.,Financial Problems,The Southern states also presented opposition because their state debt was less than the Northern states, and they would have to pay more than their share under Hamiltons plan.,
