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1、12004 Conversation SkillsPeople who usually make us feel comfortable in conversations are good talkers. And they have something in common, i.e. skills to put people at ease.I. Skill to ask question - be aware of the human nature: readiness to answer others questions regardless of (1) shyness - start
2、 a conversation with some personal but unharmful questions e.g. questions about ones (2)first job questions about ones activities in the (3)morning - be able to spot signals for further talk 2. Skill to (4)listenfor answers -Dont shift from subject to subject sticking to the same subject: signs of (
3、5)interest in conversation - Listen to (6)tones of voice If people sound unenthusiastic, then change subject. - Use eyes and ears steady your gaze while listening 3. Skill to laugh Effects of laughter: ease peoples (7)discomfort help start (8)conversation 4. Skill to part Importance: open up possibi
4、lities for future friendship or contact Ways: men: a smile, a (9)good firm handshake 2 women: same as (10)men now how to express pleasure in meeting someone.Writing a Research Paper 2005I. Research Papers and Ordinary EssayA. Similarity in (1) basic steps:e.g. choosing a topicasking questionsidentif
5、ying the audienceB. Difference mainly in terms of (2) raw material1. research papers: printed sources2. ordinary essay: ideas in ones (3) headII. Types and Characteristics of Research PapersA. Number of basic types: twoB. Characteristics:1. survey-type paper:to gather (4) facts and opinionsto quotet
6、o (5) summarize and paraphraseThe writer should be (6)objective.2. argumentative (research) paper:a. The writer should do more, e.g.to interpretto question, etc.b. (7) Purpose varies with the topic, e.g.to recommend an action, etc.III. How to Choose a Topic for a Research PaperIn choosing a topic, i
7、t is important to (8)ask questions.Question No. 1: your familiarity with the topicQuestion No. 2: Availability of relevant information on the chosen topicQuestion No. 3: Narrowing the topic down to (9) a manageable sizeQuestion No. 4: Asking questions about (10) the topic itselfThe questions help us
8、 to work out way into the topic and discover its possibilities.Meaning in literatine 2006In reading literary works, we are concerned with the meaning of one literary piece or another. However, finding out what something really means is a difficult issue. There are three ways to tackle meaning in lit
9、erature.3I. Meaning is what is intended by (1) the author-Apart from reading an authors work in question, readers need to1 ) read (2) other words by the same author;2) get familiar with (3)the literary trends at the time;3) get to know cultural values and symbols of the time.II. Meaning exists in th
10、e text itself. 1) some peoples view: meaning is produced by the formal properties of the text like (4)grammar, etc.2) speakers view:meaning is created by both conventions of meaning and(5) cultural codesTherefore, agreement on meaning could be created by common traditions and conventions of usage. B
11、ut different time periods and different (6) cultural perspectives could lead to different interpretations of meaning in a text.III. Meaning is created by (7)the reader1)meaning is (8)social2)meaning is contextual;3) meaning requires (9) reader competencypracticing competency in readingpracticing oth
12、er competenciesbackground research. in (10)social structure , etc. What Can We Learn from Art? 2007I. IntroductionA. Differences between general history and art history Focus: general history: (1)politics, economics and war art history: political values, emotions, everyday life, etc. B. Significance
13、 of studyMore information and better understanding of human society and civilizationII. Types of informationA. Information in history books is (2) objective facts, but no opinionsB. Information in art history is subjective (3) personal emotions and opinions e.g. Spanish painters works: misuse of gov
14、ernmental power Mexican artists works: attitudes towards social problemsIII. Art as a reflection of religious beliefs4A. Europe: (4) the Bible in pictures in churchesB. Middle East: pictures of flowers and patterns in mosques, palacesReason: human and (5) animal images are not seen as holyC. Africa
15、and the Pacific Islands: masks, headdresses and costumes in special ceremoniesPurpose: to seek the help of (6) gods to protect crops, animals and people.IV. Perceptions of ArtHow people see art is related to their cultural background. A. Europeans and Americans (7) decoration expression of ideasB. People in o
