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1、whatBrandsThe word brand is a comprehensive term that encompasses other narrower terms. A brand is a name, term, symbol, and/or special design that is intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers. A brand differentiates one sellers products from those of competitors.
2、A brand name consists of words, letters, and/or numbers that can be vocalized. A brand mark is the part of the brand that appears in the form of a symbol, design, or distinctive coloring or lettering. It is recognized by sight but may not be expressed when a person pronounces the brand name. A trade
3、mark is a brand that is given legal protection because, under the law, it has been appropriated by one seller. Thus trademark is essentially a legal term. All trademarks are brands and thus include the words, letters, or numbers that can be pronounced. They may also include a pictorial design. Some
4、people erroneously believe that the trademark is only the pictorial part of the brand. One major method of classifying brands is on the basis of who owns themproducers or middlemen. Sunbeam, Florsheim, Spalding (athletic products), and Sara Lee are producers brands, while Allstate, Shurfine, Sysco,
5、Craftsman, and Penncrest are middlemens brands. The terms national and private have been used to describe producer and middleman brand ownership, respectively. However, marketing people prefer the producer middleman terminology. To say that the brand of poultry feed marketed in three states by a sma
6、ll Birmingham, Alabama, manufacturer is a national brand, whereas the brands of Penneys or Sears are private brands, stretches the meaning of the terms national and private. 品牌品牌是一个综合性的术语，它包括其彳也范 rt更小的术谱。一种品牌可以是一个名字、一个术 语、一个符号或是一个特殊的标志，用以区别不同卖主或卖主群体的货物或劳务。品牌可以把一 个卖主的商品同其他竞争者的商品区分弁来。 一个品觯 M名字由可以清晰读出的
7、单词、字母及数 字组成。商标是品脾的一个组成部分，其群式为一个符号、一种图案、一秭与众不同的色彩或字 母书写。它可以从椀觉上确认，但在读品牌的名学时不一定能袅达出来。商标是受法律保护的品牌，因为依据法律，它已被卖主占有了。因此，商标实质上是一个法 律术语。所有的商标都是品牌，它也就包括可以被读出的单词、字母及数字。商标上也可能有图 案设计。有些人错误地认为，商标仅是品觯中的图案部分。 1品牌分类的一种主要方法 s依据其所有人制迨商和中间商来划分。山比母、弗拉什姆、 斯巴尔丁（体育用品）和萨拉李等是制造商的品牌， ，而奥斯泰特、舒费因、赛斯克、克拉夫茨曼 和 Pernicr鄉则是中间商的品牌。
8、国有和私有这两个术语分别用于描述制造商与中间商的品牌所有权。不过，销售人员更偏爱 生产者中间商这个术语。我们说阿拉巴马州伯明翰市一家小广生 f的、在三个州都有出售的 家禽饲料为国有品牌，而 Peimeys或 Sears为軚有品牌，就把邊有和私有这两个术语的 意思引申了。Easy LearningStudents should be jealous. Not only do babies get to doze their days away， but theyve also mastered the fine art of learning in their sleep.By the time
9、 babies are a year old they can recognize a lot of sounds and even simple words. Marie Cheour at the University of Turku in Finland suspected that they might progress this fast because they learn language while they sleep as well as when they are awake.To test the theory， Cheour and her colleagues s
10、tudied 45 newborn babies in the first few days of their lives. They exposed all the infants to an hour of Finnish vowel soundsone that sounds like “oo”， another like “ee” and a third boundary vowel peculiar to Finnish and similar languages that sounds like something in between. EEG recordings of the
11、 infants brains before and after the session showed that the newborns could not distinguish the sounds.Fifteen of the babies then went back with their mothers， while the rest were split into two sleep-study groups. One group was exposed throughout their night-time sleeping hours to the same three vo
12、wels， while the others listened to other， easier-to-distinguish vowel sounds.When tested in the morning， and again in the evening， the babies whod heard the tricky boundary vowel all night showed brainwave activity indicating that they could now recognise this new sound. They could identify the soun
13、d even when its pitch was changed， while none of the other babies could pick up the boundary vowel at all.Cheour doesnt know how babies accomplish this night-time learning， bunt she suspects that the special ability might indicate that unlike adults， babies dont “turn off” their cerebral cortex whil
14、e they sleep. The skill probably fades in the course of the first year of life， she addsso forget the idea that you can pick up tricky French vowels as an adult just by slipping a language tape under your pillow. But while it may not help grown-ups， Cheour is hoping to use the sleeping hours to give
15、 remedial help to babies who are genetically at risk of language disorders.容易的学习学生们应该感到嫉妒。婴儿们不仅整天睡觉，而且他们还能在睡眠中掌握学习的艺术。 婴儿到了一周岁时，他们可以识别出很多音，甚至一些简单的单词。芬兰 Turku大学的 Marie Cheour怀疑他们进步这么快的原因可能是他们不仅在醒着时学语言，而且在睡觉时也在学语言。为了检验这个理论，Cheour 和她的同事们在 45个新生儿生命最初的几天里对他们进行了研 究。他们让所有的婴儿听一个小时的芬兰元音“一其中一个类似”00， “另一个类似”ee
16、，还有 一个芬兰语和类似语言特有的边界音，听起来像两者之间的声音。在此之 If和之后的婴儿大脑的 脑电图记录显示新生儿不能辨别这几个声音。然后，其中 15个婴儿随他们的母亲回去了，而另外的婴儿被分成两个睡觉时学习小组。一个 组的婴儿夜间睡觉的时候还放着同样三个元音的录音，而其他的婴儿只听其他的较容易区分的 元音 o；早晚各进行了测试之后，那些整晚都在听难识别的边界音的婴儿显示出的脑波活动说明他 们现在能够识别这个新声音了。甚至当这个音的音调变化时他们仍能够识别出来，而其的婴儿 没有一个能识别这个边界音的。Cheour不知道婴儿是如何完成这个夜间学习的，但是她怀疑这种特殊能力说明跟大人不一 样，婴儿睡觉时没有把大脑皮层“关掉” 。她接着说，这种技能可能在生命的最初过程中渐渐消 失，因应忘掉这样一个想法，即你作为一个成年人只需要把一盘语言录音带塞在枕头下面就可 以学会法语中一些麻烦的音。伹是，虽然这并不能帮助成年人，Chedtir 希望这些睡眠时间可用来 帮助那些从基因上来说会发生语言障碍的婴儿。What Is a Dream?For
