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1、重点中学英语语法讲义-副词一、概述副词主要用于修饰动词，也可用于修饰形容词、副词、介词短语以及句子等，有时甚至可以修饰名词。根据不同的标准，副词可以有多种分类，如从形态上看，副词可分为简单副词、复合副词和派生副词；从词汇意义上看，副词可分为时间副词、地点副词、方式副词、频度副词、程度副词和焦点副词等，从句法功能上看，副词可分为连接副词、关系副词、疑问副词、解释性副词、句子副词、感叹副词等。根据中学生英语学习的需要，本章重要介绍其中的几类副词。二、时间副词1. 常见的时间副词。常见的时间副有 now, then, soon, ago, recently, lately, later, final
2、ly, before, early, today tomorrow, yesterday, tonight, suddenly, immediately, already, just 等。2. 时间副词在句中的位置(1) 表确定时间的副词(如 today, yesterday 等) 通常位于句末，有时也位于句首：He went home yesterday. / Yesterday he went home. 他昨天回家了。而那些表示非确定时间的副词(如 soon, recently, suddenly 等)则除可用于句末(最常见) 或句首外，还可位于句中(通常位于实义动词之前，动词 be、助
3、动词、情态动词之后) ：He went to Paris recently. / He recently went to Paris. / Recently he went to Paris. 最后他去了巴黎。(2) still, already, just 等几个表示时间的副词通常位于句中(实义动词之前，动词 be、助动词、情态动词之后)：Hes just left for school. 他刚刚去学校。I have already finished my work. 我已经做完了工作。当要表示强调时，still 和 already 也可位于动词 be、助动词等之前：She was stil
4、l still was beautiful at the age of forty. 她到了 40 岁仍然很美。I already have told him about it. 我已经把情况告诉他了。still 若用于否定句，则总是位于助动词之前：I still dont understand what you mean. 我还是不明白你的意思。另外，still 和 already 还可位于句末，表示惊奇：Are you on page one still? 你还在看第 1 页？Is your mother back already? 你妈妈就已经回来了？三、地点副词1. 常见的地点副词。常
5、见的地点副词有 here, there, up, down, away, nearby, home, ahead, abroad, indoors, overseas, halfway, upstairs, downstairs 等。2. 地点副词在句中的位置。地点副词在句中通常位于句末或句首，但从不位于主语和动词之间。若有多个副词排列，地点副词通常位于方式副词之后，时间副词之前：Can you help to carry this table upstairs? 你能帮忙把桌子搬到楼上去吗?The boy read quietly over there all afternoon. 这男孩正
6、个下午都在那儿静静地看书。四、方式副词1. 方式副词的特点。方式副词表示动词的行为方式，许多以-ly 结构的副词都是方式副词，如 carefully, happily, quietly, happily, heavily, warmly, correctly, politely, angrily 等。2. 方式副词在句中的位置(1) 方式副词通常位于动词(及其宾语 )之后：He read the letter slowly. 他从容不迫地看了那封信。方式副词通常不位于动词与宾语之间，除非动词后的宾语很长：不可说：We like very much it. (应改为 We like it ver
7、y much.)但可说：We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us. 我们可以很清楚地看到在我们前方有一道奇怪的光。若遇到“动词+介词+宾语”结构，方式副词既可位于“介词+宾语”之前，也可位于“介词+宾语”之后，但是该结构的宾语较长，则方式副词通常位于“介词+宾语”之前：He looked at me curiously. / He looked curiously at me. 他好奇地打量着我。He looked curiously at everyone who got off the plane. 他好奇地打量着从飞机上走
8、下来的每一个人。(2) 方式副词(主要是单个的方式副词)有时也可位于主语与动词之间：He quickly got dressed. 他赶紧穿好衣服。He angrily tore up the letter. 他很生气，把信撕碎了。(3) 有的方式副词(如 bravely, cleverly, cruelly, foolishly, generously, kindly, secretly, simply 等 )位于动词之前和位于句末会导致句子意思的变化：They secretly decided to leave the town. 他们秘密决定离开这个城市。They decided to
9、leave the town secretly. 他们决定秘密地离开这个城市。He answered the questions foolishly. 他对这个问题作了愚蠢的回答。He foolishly answered the questions. 他愚蠢地回答了这个问题。(4) 有的方式副词(如 gently, quietly, slowly, suddenly 等) 有时可位于句首，以达到某种戏剧性的效果(这主要见于书面语中 )：Suddenly, the driver started the engine. 突然地，司机启动了发动机。五、频度副词1. 频度副词的特点。频度副词表示动作
10、发生的次数，常见有的 ever, never, rarely, seldom, once, often, occasionally, constantly, frequently, usually, continually, always 等。2. 频度副词在句中的位置。频度副词通常位于实义动词之前，动词 be、助动词、情态动词之后：He often comes to see us. 他常来看我们。He is seldom late for school. 他上学很少迟到。有时为了强调，频度副词也可位于动词 be、助动词等之前：She always was late. 她老是迟到。有的频度副词
11、可位于句末(尤其受 very, only 修饰时)：I get paid on Fridays usually. 我通常在星期五领工资。We go out very seldom. 我们绝少外出。Do you go to the cinema very often? 你常去看电影吗?有的频度副词(如 sometimes, often, usually, frequently, occasionally 等) 可位于句首(此时多半是因为强调或对比)：Sometimes he went there by bus. 有时他坐公共汽车去那儿。Very often the phone rings whe
12、n Im in the bath. 电话经常在我洗澡时响。注：含有否定意义的副词置于句首时，其后要用倒装语序：Never have I been there. 我从未去过那儿。Seldom does he see a film. 他很少看电影。另外，频度副词 always 和 never 通常不位于句首，除非是祈使句：Always remember this. 时刻记住这一点。Never go out at night. 晚上千万不要出去。3. 频度副词在否定句中的位置。在否定句中，有的频度副词可位于否定词 not 之后或之前( 如 usually, often)，有的频度副词则必须位于否定词
13、之后 (如 always, constantly, continually, continuously，均含有 “连续不断”之意)，而有的频度副词却必须要位于否定词not 之前( 如 sometimes, frequently)：He doesnt usually come here. / He usually doesnt come here. 他通常不来这儿。She doesnt always come late. 她并非总是迟到。(不能说 always doesnt)He is sometimes not responsible for what he does. 他有时对他所做的事不负
14、责任。六、程度副词1. 程度副词的特点。程度副词有于表示程度，常见的如 fairly, pretty, rather, quite, very, much, too, greatly, almost, nearly, half, highly, awfully, deeply, partly, perfectly, really 等。使用时注意以下几点( )：2. 程度副词的用法注意点(1) 程度副词主要用于修饰形容词和副词，有的还可修饰比较级( 如 much, rather 等) 和最高级( 如 quite, much, almost 等) ：Houses are much more exp
15、ensive these days. 如今的房价贵多了。This is quite much the most expensive radio here. 这是这里最贵的收音机。注：quite 有时也修饰比较级，但只用于 quite better(身体康复)这一表达。(2) 有的程度副词(如 quite, rather, almost 等)可修饰动词，但有的(如 fairly, pretty, very等)则不能修饰动词：I quite agree with you. 我完全同意你的意见。( 不用 fairly, pretty, very)We rather like the film. 我们
16、很喜欢这部电影。(不用 fairly, pretty, very)注：much 也可修饰动词，但这通常只限于否定句或疑问句，而不用于肯定陈述句，除非其前有 very, too, so 等之类的修饰语：She doesnt like him much. 她不太喜欢他。Does she much like him? / Does she like him much? 她很喜欢他吗？He likes the film very much. 他很喜欢这部电影。 (不能说 He likes the film much.)没有 very, too, so 等修饰的 much 有时也可能在肯定句修饰动词，但这只限于 regret, admire, prefer, appreciate 等少数动词，且此时的 much 应置于句中，而不是句末：We much appreciate your invitation. 我们非常感激你的邀请。(3) 个别的程度副词(主要是 quite 和 rather)还可修饰名
