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1、重点中学英语语法讲义 -状语从句一、概说状语从句即指在主从复合句用作状语的从句。按照其意义，状语从句可分为时时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句等。状语从句是高中英语学习中的一个语法重点，也是历年高考重点考查的内容之一。学习状语从句主要应注意引导状语从句的从属连词的用法与区别，以及从属连词在一定的语言环境中的意义与用法。二、时间状语从句1. 引导时间状语从句的从属连词引导时间状语从句的从属连词很多，如较基本的有 before, after, when, while, as, since, till, until, as soon as
2、 等：Things were different when I was a child. 我小时候情况与现在不同。We must strike while the iron is hot. 我们要趁热打铁。Its a long time since I met you last. 从上次见到你，已有很长时间了。He waited until she was about to leave. 他等着一直到她准备离开。除以上基本的引导时间状语从句的从属连词外，还有些本来不是从属连词却可用作从属连词的词：(1) 表示“一就”的从属连词：the moment, the minute, the secon
3、d, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once, no soonerthan, hardlywhen 等。如：Immediately he came I told him the news. 他一来我就把消息告诉了他。The moment I saw him I knew there was no hope. 我一看到他就知道没希望了。We had no sooner set out than it began to rain. 我们刚出发就下雨了。Once he arrives, we can start. 他一来我们就可以开始。
4、(2) 涉及 time 的几个从属连词：every time(每次)，each time(每次)，(the) next time(下次)，any time(随时)，the last time(上次)，the first time(第一次)。如：Every time I see her Ill think of it. 每次我看到她，我就想起这事。He felt nervous each time she spoke to him. 每次她和他讲话，他都感到紧张。He didnt tell me the last time I saw him. 我上次见到他时他没告诉我。2. 时间状语从句与及其
5、主句的时态关于这个问题有两点值得注意：(1) 当主句为将来时态或具有将来意义时，时间状语从句通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态：Turn off the lights before you leave. 走前关灯。I will tell him as soon as he arrives. 他一来我就告诉他。(2) 与 since 从句搭配的主句的时态通常是现在完成时态：He has lived here since 1999. 自1999年以来，他就一直住在这儿。Where have you been since I last saw you? 自我上次见到你之后你到哪里
6、去了?注：在特定的语言环境中有时也可能用过去完成时或一现在时：It seems like years since we last met. 我们似乎几年未见面了。Yesterday he told me that he hadnt eaten anything since Tuesday. 他昨天告诉我自星期二以来他一直未吃任何东西。三、条件状语从句1. 引导条件状语从句的从属连词主要的有 if, unless, as so long as 等：You can leave now if you like. 如果你愿意现在就可以走了。As long as it doesnt rain we ca
7、n go. 只要不下雨，我们就可以去。注：除以上基本的引导条件状语从句的从属连词外，还有的动词尤其是其分词形式(如suppose, supposing, provided, providing 等)和介词短语(如 in case, on condition that 等)也可用作连词表示条件：If case I forget, please remind me about it. 万一我忘记，请提醒我一下。I will come on condition (that) she is invited too. 如果邀请她来, 那我就来。He may go with us provided pro
8、viding he arrives in time. 他若及时到，就可以和我们一起走。Suppose 和 supposing 引导条件状语从句时，通常用于主句为疑问句的场合：Suppose the boss saw you，what would he say? 如果老板看到你，他会怎样说?Supposing he does not come, shall we go without him? 他若不来，是不是不带他去?2. 条件状语从句的时态当主句为将来时态或具有将来意时，条件状语从句通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态：In case he comes, let me kn
9、ow. 如果他来，告诉我一声。Ill stay at home if it rains tomorrow. 要是明天下雨，我就呆在家里。注：有时也可见到 if you will 这样的说法，但那不是将来时态，而是表示意愿或委婉的请求(此处的 will 是情态动词)：If you will wait for a moment, Ill go and tell the manager that you are here. 请等一下，我去告诉经理说你来了。四、目的状语从句1. 引导目的状语从句的从属连词主要的有 in order that, so that, in case, for fear 等：
10、Speak clearly so that they may understand you. 讲清楚些，以便他们能理解你。He studied hard in order that he could pass the exam. 他努力学习以便能考试及格。Shut the window for fear that it may rain. 把窗子关上以防下雨。注：so that 引导目的状语从句时有时可省略 so 而只用 that，有时也可只用 so：Bring it closer that I might see it better. 拿近些，使我能看得清楚些。Ill show you so
11、 you can see how its done. 我将做给你看，以便你知道应怎样干。2. 目的状语从句与状语短语的转换为了简洁起见，当目的状语从句的主语与主句的主语相同时，目的状语从句有时可用表目的的不定式短语替换：He got up early so that he could catch the early bus. / He got up early so as to catch the early bus. 他起床很早以便赶上早班车。He came in quietly in order that he shouldnt wake his wife. / He came in qu
12、ietly in order not to wake his wife. 他轻轻进来，以免把他妻子吵醒。有时还可与表示目的的介词短语替换：He left an hour early for fear he might miss the train. / He left an hour early for fear of missing the train. 他提前一小时离开，以免错过火车。z3. in case 的用法说明in case 既可引导目的状语从句，也可引导条件状语从句，主要视句意而定：In case he comes, let me know. 如果他来，告诉我一声。Tell me
13、 in case you get into difficulty. 遇到困难请告诉我。注：in case 引导目的状语从句，从句有时可用“should+动词原形”这样的形式：Take your coat in case it rains (should rain). 带着雨衣以防下雨。五、结果状语从句1. 引导结果状语从句的从属连词主要的有 so that, sothat, suchthat 等：He studied hard so that he passed the exam. 他学习用功，所以考试通过了。He was so angry that he couldnt speak. 他气得
14、话都说不出来。He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. 他关窗子用力很大，结果玻璃震破了。注：sothat 和 suchthat 中的 that 有时(尤其在口语中)可省略：I am so busy I have no time to write a letter. 我很忙，连写信的时间都没有。There was such a lot of rain (that) we couldnt go out. 雨那么大，我们没法出去。2. sothat 与 suchthat 的用法比较从用法上看，so 后应接形容词或副词，而 su
15、ch 后接名词(参见以上例句)。但有时“so+形容词”后还可接一个名词，且这个名词总是带不定冠词的单数可数名词(不能是复数名词或不可数名词)：正：He is so clever a child that we all like him. 这小孩很聪明，我们都喜欢他。正：They are such clever children that we all like them. 这些孩子很聪明，我们都很喜欢。误：They are so clever children that we all like them.此时的 sothat 结构可与 suchthat 结构转换：Its such an int
16、eresting film that we all want to see it. 这电影很有趣，我们都想看。Its so interesting a film that we all want to see it. 这电影很有趣，我们都想看。注：在 much, many, little, few 这四个词前总是用 so 而不用 such：He had so many falls that he was black and blue all over. 他摔了许多跤，结果全身都是伤。He earns so little money that he can hardly feed his family. 他赚的钱很少几乎不能养家糊口。3. 结果状语从句与不定式短语的转换由 so that 和 sothat 引导的结果状语从句有时可与表结果的 so as to 和 soas to 引出的不定式短语转换：He arrived late so that he missed the train. / H
