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1、Chapter 1 Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context,Myths and Misconceptions About Abnormal Behavior,No Single Definition of Psychological Abnormality No Single Definition of Psychological Normality Psychology Disorder v. Mental illness Many Myths Are Associated With Mental Illness Lazy, crazy, dumb W
2、eak in character Dangerous to self or others Mental illness is a hopeless situation,What is a Psychological Disorder?,Psychological Dysfunction Breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning Personal Distress Difficulty performing appropriate and expected roles Impairment is set in the
3、 context of a persons background Atypical or Not Culturally Expected Response Reaction is outside cultural norms,Figure 1.1 The criteria defining a psychological disorder,Definition of Abnormal Behavior (cont.),Abnormal Behavior Defined,A Psychological Dysfunction Associated With Distress or Impairm
4、ent in Functioning That is not a Typical or Culturally Expected Response The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV - TR) DSM Contains Diagnostic Criteria Psychopathology is the Scientific Study of Psychological Disorders,The Science of Psychopathology,Mental Health Professionals The Ph.D.s: Clin
5、ical, counseling and school psychologists The Psy.D.s: Clinical, counseling and school “Doctors of Psychology” M.D.s: Psychiatrists (medications) Child or Adult Board Certified M.S.W.s: Psychiatric and non-psychiatric social workers MN/MSNs: Psychiatric nurses LPC - Licensed Mental Health/Profession
6、al Counselor United by the Scientist-Practitioner Framework,Psychology Training Models,Boulder Model 1948 Ph.D. Scientist Practitioner (4-5 years of training) Producers of Research Consumers of Research Evaluators of Their Work Using Empirical Methods Vail Model - 1973 Psy.D. Professional Practition
7、er (4-5 years of training) Practice focus Consumer of research Empirical validated methods,Figure 1.2 Functioning as a scientist-practitioner,Dimensions of the Scientist-Practitioner Model (cont.),Dimensions of the Scientist-Practitioner Model (cont.),Figure 1.3 Three major categories make up the st
8、udy and discussion of psychological disorders.,Clinical Description,Begins with the Presenting Problem Description Aims to Distinguish clinically significant dysfunction from common human experience Describe Prevalence and Incidence of Disorders Describe Onset of Disorders Acute vs. insidious onset
9、Describe Course of Disorders Episodic, time-limited, or chronic course Other features (e.g. age, developmental stage, ethnicity, race),Causation, Treatment, and Outcome,What Factors Contribute to the Development of Psychopathology? Study of etiology How Can We Best Improve the Lives of People Suffer
10、ing From Psychopathology? Study of treatment development Includes pharmacologic, psychosocial, and/or combined treatments How Do We Know That We Have Alleviated Psychological Suffering? Study of treatment outcome - “Evidence Based Treatment” Limited in specifying actual causes of disorders,Historica
11、l Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior,Major Psychological Disorders Have Existed In all cultures Across all time periods The Causes and Treatment of Abnormal Behavior Varied Widely Across cultures Across time periods As particularly as a function of prevailing paradigms or world views Three Dominant Tr
12、aditions Include: Supernatural, Biological, and Psychological,The Supernatural Tradition,Deviant Behavior as a Battle of “Good” vs. Evil Deviant behavior was believed to be caused by demonic possession, witchcraft, sorcery Treatments included exorcism, torture, beatings, and crude surgeries The Moon
13、 and the Stars Paracelsus and lunacy,The Biological Tradition,Hippocrates: Abnormal Behavior as a Physical Disease Hysteria “The Wander Uterus” Galen Extends Hippocrates Work Treatments remained crude Galenic-Hippocratic Tradition Foreshadowed modern views linking abnormality with brain chemical imb
14、alances,The 19th Century,General Paresis (Syphilis) and the Biological Link With Madness Associated with several unusual psychological and behavioral symptoms Pasteur discovered the cause A bacterial microorganism Led to penicillin as a successful treatment Bolstered the view that mental illness = p
15、hysical illness and should be treated as such John Grey and the Reformers,Consequences of the Biological Tradition,Mental Illness = Physical Illness,The Psychological Tradition,The Rise of Moral Therapy Involved more humane treatment of institutionalized patients Encourage and reinforced social inte
16、raction Proponents of Moral Therapy Dorothea Dix Philippe Pinel and Jean-Baptiste Pussin William Tuke followed Pinels lead in England Reasons for the Falling Out of Moral Therapy Emergence of Competing Alternative Psychological Models,Psychoanalytic Theory,Freudian Theory of the Structure and Function of the Mind The Structure of the Mind Id (pleasure principle; illogical, emotional, irrational) Ego (reality principle; logical and rational) Superego (moral principles; keeps Id and Ego in balance
