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1、Unit 1 Nothing ventured，nothing gained Period 3 Grammar & Writing 课件（人教版选修10，课标通用）,定语 一、意义与形式 定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。主要有形容词，此外还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)、分词短语、定语从句或相当于形容词的词、短语或句子都可以作定语。汉语中常用“的”表示。定语和中心语之间是修饰和被修饰、限制和被限制的关系。,二、用法 (一)名词及其词组和所有格作定语 1man，woman作定语时可以用单数和复数两种形式，但要根据所修饰名词的数而定。如：a man docto
2、r，two women teachers。 2当数词与单位名词一起用作定语时，单位名词往往用单数形式，数词与单位名词用“”连接。如： a twohour talk，a threeday trip。 3名词所有格作定语时名词的单复数形式依意义而定。如：an hours drive，a three dayswalk，twenty dollarsworth of clothes。,(二)代词、数词、形容词和副词作定语 1代词作定语时，注意下列词的区别：much/many，little/few，some/any。 2多个形容词作定语的语序，一般遵循如下规则： 大小、长短、高低(矮)形容词形状形容词年龄
3、、新旧形容词颜色形容词国籍、地区、出处形容词物质、材料形容词用途、类别形容词。 3副词作定语，通常放在被修饰词的后面。 The buildings around are of modern style. 但要注意两种特殊情况：,(1)quite，rather等副词可置于“不定冠词名词”前，用于增强语气。 We had quite a party. It was rather a mess. (2)某些副词在表示形容词词义时，可直接置于名词之前。 Who was the then Prime Minister？谁是当时的总理？ He has inside information about th
4、e talk. 他有关于这次会谈的内部情报。,(三)介词短语作定语 介词短语作定语时须后置。 The skyscraper in the distance is a fivestar hotel. (四)非谓语动词作定语 先看下面一组词组： a boy to come，a sleeping boy，a boy praised by the teacher 显然，不定式to come，现在分词sleeping，过去分词(短语)praised (by the teacher)都是作定语，那么非谓语动词作定语时在用法上又有些什么区别呢？,1不定式作定语通常表示动作尚未发生。它有时与所修饰名词构成动宾
5、关系，此时，若不定式逻辑主语同时也是句子主语，用主动形式表示被动，反之，用被动形式。 Im leaving for Shanghai on business.Do you have anything to be taken there? No，thank you. 如果该不定式是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。 They have to find a room to live in. 注意：有些名词(time，way，effort，ability，attempt，tendency，plan，etc.)后常跟不定式作定语。 Your ability to analyze the problem
6、really surprised us.,2现在分词作定语通常表明动作正在进行或习惯性、经常性发生，它与其所修饰名词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。 The girl reading under the tree is my sister. 那个在树下读书的女孩是我妹妹。 There is a piano standing in the corner.墙角处有架钢琴。 3过去分词作定语通常表明先于谓语动词发生的动作，或与谓语动词所表示的时间相对应的经常性动作，它与所修饰名词构成逻辑上的动宾关系。 This is the computer center built half a year ago. He
7、was then a teacher respected(who was respected)by all his students.,(五)从句作定语 1关系代词引导定语从句 (1)关系代词的省略 作直接宾语时可以省略。 The man(whom)you saw just now is our manager. 当that在从句中作表语时可以省略。 He is not the man(that)he used to be. 在“therebe”结构中出现定语从句，或在定语从句中出现“therebe”结构，用作主语的关系代词可以省略。 This is the only bus(that)the
8、re is to the park.,当先行词是way，且在定语从句中作方式状语时，关系代词可用in which，that，也可以省略。 The way(in which/that)these comrades look at problems is wrong. 当先行词是time时，关系代词可用when，that或省略。 The second time(when/that)I saw him was in 1980. 注意：只有限制性定语从句才能有关系代词的省略，非限制性定语从句的关系代词绝对不能省略。,(2)如果关系代词紧跟在介词后面，不能用who，that，只能用whom，which。
9、 This is the question about which they have had so much discussion in the past few weeks. (3)如果先行词是all，much，anything，something，nothing，everything，little，none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。 Please just tell me anything(that) you know about the author of the book.,(4)如果先行词被形容词最高级以及first，last，any，only，few，
10、much，no，some，very等词修饰，关系代词常用that，不用which，who或whom。 He is the only person that was present at the time. (5)which 可以引导修饰整个主句的定语从句。 He was often late for school，which made his mother angry.,2关系副词引导定语从句 (1)关系副词引导定语从句时只起状语作用，在从句中它既不能作动词的宾语，也不能作介词的宾语。 The man is said to come from a town where nobody knew.
11、() The man is said to come from a town which nobody knew.() Do you know the reason why she did it for？() Do you know the reason why she did it？() (2)how不能用来引导定语从句。 This is the way how he behaves.() This is the way (in which/that)he behaves.(),三、位置 定语的位置一般有两种：用在所修饰词之前的叫前置定语，用在所修饰词之后的叫后置定语。单个的词作定语时通常放
12、在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。 1定语前置 在英语里，一般定语前置时的词序为：限定词、形容词、分词、动名词和名词性定语。a developing country一个发展中的国家,2定语后置 (1)短语作定语一般后置 It was a conference fruitful of results. 那是一个硕果累累的会议。 He gave me a basket full of eggs. 他给我一个装满鸡蛋的篮子。 English is a language easy to learn but difficult to master. 英语
13、是一门容易学但是难精通的语言。 The boys hardest to teach are all in his class. 最难教的男生都在他的班里了。,(2)修饰some，any，no，every等词构成的不定代词的定语都后置 Lets go somewhere quiet.咱们去找个安静一点的地方吧。 There is nothing important in todays newspaper. 今天报纸上没有什么重要的东西。 Do you have anything more to say? 你还有什么话要说吗？,(3)副词作定语 The people here are very f
14、riendly.这里的人很友好。 They lived in the room above.他们住在楼上的房间。 (4)动词、名词转化而来的以able，ible结尾的形容词作定语 He is a person dependable.他是一个可以依靠的人。 This is the only transportation means available. 这是唯一可行的交通工具。,(5)起强调用的单个分词 Everybody involved should stay here. 涉及到的每个人都应留下。 the college mentioned. 这所被提到的大学。 (6)特殊词 Could y
15、ou tell me something imporpant? 你能告诉我重要的事情吗？,3定语从句 (1)英语的复合句中，分句以其主句为基干，通过连接手段，一层一层地展开，就好像一棵树的树干上长出大枝子，大枝子上再长出小枝子。如下面的多重定语从句： A healthy diet includes enough but not too many kinds of foods that provide the body with the nutrients that it needs to function properly.健康的饮食包括的食物应该充足但又不过多，这些食物提供身体正常活动所必需
16、的营养。,(2)英语中的非限制性定语从句所表达的信息，在汉语里一般由另一个小句来表达。用非限制性定语从句时，前应加逗号，并且非限制性定语从句引导词不能用that。 She asked for his help，which he gladly gave. 她要求他帮忙，他愉快地帮助了她。 It was a century，during which the country suffered continuously from wars. 一个世纪过去了，在这期间这个国家不断遭受战乱之苦。,.完成句子 1She is a_(天生的音乐家) 2She has a wish _(周游世界) 3He was the first person _(通过考试) 4Look at the man_(坐在岩石上的) 5Dont wake_(正在睡觉的婴儿) 答案1.natural musician2.t
