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1、1,Chapter ThreeCultural Values/Patterns/Orientations,Contents,1. Perception, Belief and Values,1.1 Perception,1.2 Beliefs,1.3 Values,2. Cultural Patterns,1. 1 What is perception?,Perception is primary in the study of intercultural communication, because our information about and knowledge of our phy
2、sical and social world are mediated(传达 )by perceptual processes. Our perceptions give meaning to all those external forces: symbols, things, people, ideas, events, ideologies and faith. “Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory data in a way that enables us to mak
3、e sense of our world.” (Gamble and Gamble) (P56),Two ways that culture influences the perception process: 1. Perception is selective. What is allowed in is, in part, determined by culture. 2. Your perceptual patterns are learned. “perception is culturally determined. We learn to see the world in a c
4、ertain way based on our cultural background.” see P57-58 ,1.1. Perception 3. from ones peers (friends, schoolmates, play mates; 4. from society at large,13,Where to find 1. from peoples behavior pattern 2. from what people say about themselves; 3. from myths, tales of heroes and rituals; 4. from fol
5、k tales, movies, proverbs, sayings, etc.,Individualism, Equality, Materialism, Science and technology, Progress and change, Work and leisure, Competition,US Dominant cultural patterns (P62-65),2. Cultural Patterns,2.1 Definitions,2.2 Kluckhohn, Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck Value Orientation,2.3 Hofstede
6、s Values Dimension,3. IC Strategies,2.4 Halls Context Orientation,2. 1 Cultural Patterns,Perceptions are stored within each human being in the form of beliefs + values = cultural patterns. Cultural pattern taxonomies are used to illustrate the dominant beliefs and values of a culture.,17,2.How to cl
7、assify different culture patterns?,Variations of Value Studies,Kluckhohn and Strodtbecks Value Orientation,Hofstedes Dimensions of Cultural Variability,Edward T Halls Context - Culture Theory,Human Nature,Man-nature,Time,Activity,Social Relationship,Individualism Vs Collectivism,Uncertainty Avoidanc
8、e,Power Distance,Masculinity Vs Femininity,High-Context,Low-Context,2020/9/28,18,2.2 Model by Kluckhohn (P74-79).,5 basic questions that need answering at the root of any culture: 1) What is the character of human nature? 2) What is the relation of man to nature? 3) What is the orientation toward ti
9、me? (temporal focus) 4) What is the mode of human activity? 5) What is the mode of human relationship?,1) = Human nature orientation 人性取向 2) = Man-nature orientation 人与自然的关系取向 3) = Time orientation 时间取向 4) = Activity orientation 行为取向 5) = Social orientation 人际取向,19,2.2 Kluckhohn and Strodtbecks five
10、 value orientations (P74),20,2.2.1. Human Nature,1). Human nature is evil but perfectible. With the influence of Christianity, Westerners believe that human nature is basically evil due to their original sin. However, the evil nature can be saved through salvation, if one believes in Jesus Christ an
11、d continues doing good things.,21,2). Human nature is a mixture of good and evil. As a result of the rise of humanism in the west, the above basic belief has changed to one seeing humans as a mixture of good and evil. In other words, everyone has the good side and bad side. Therefore, there is law s
12、ystem in human society to reward the good in people and punish the bad and make sure that men are not doing anything evil.,22,3). Human nature is good but corruptible. Good: the philosophies of Confucianism and Buddhism. In China, as in other Asian societies that have accepted the teaching of Confuc
13、ius, people are believed to be basically good. Children are believed to be pure and innocent but may become corrupted as they grow older and have more contact with society. They will be bad if they dont have good education when they are very young”. (人之初，性本善。性相近，习相远。苟不教，性乃迁) Buddhism maintains that
14、you are born pure and are closest to what is called “loving kindness” when you enter this world. Hence, people are good, but their culture often makes them evil.,23,2.2.2. man-nature orientation,24,1). Subjugation(屈服) to nature. The most powerful forces of life are beyond their control. Whether the
15、force be a god, fate, or magic, a person cannot overcome it and must therefore learn to accept it. This orientation is found in India and parts of South America. For the Hindu, because everything is part of a unified force. This “oneness” with the world helps create a vision of a world operating in
16、harmony. Eg. some Hindu sects such as the Bishois do not allow the cutting down of any trees or the slaughter of animals. This is extreme reverence for Nature, which has precedence over human activities. In Mexico and among Mexican Americans, there is a strong tie to Catholicism and the role of fate in controlling life and nature. .,25,2). Harmony with nature The harmony view is widespread and is associated with East Asians. Chinese people believe the
