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1、有机化合物的命名,系统命名 IUPAC names (systematic names) 俗名法 trivial names (popular names) 国际纯粹化学和应用化学联合会 IUPAC: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry,Nomenclature of Organic Compounds,有机化合物的命名,系统命名 IUPAC names (systematic names) CCS命名法-中文系统命名法 CCS -Chinese Chemical Society , CCS以IUPAC基本原则为准则，结合中文特点
2、稍有不同.,不含官能团化合物 Nonfunctional Compounds 1烃类-（烷烃 Alkane烯烃 Alkene炔烃Alkyne） 2单环化合物（Monocyclic compounds） 官能团化合物 Functional compounds,有机化合物的命名,1烃类-（烷烃 Alkane烯烃 Alkene炔烃Alkyne）,Alkane 烷烃，链烷 Alkene 烯烃，链烯 Alkyne 炔烃,烷烃命名,Alkane,希腊前缀prefix,链烷烃命名(The names of linear alkanes),Names of continuous-chain alkanes(C
3、1-C20),后缀Suffix -ane,烯烃的命名（Alkene）,-ene （Suffix） IUPAC names： Ethene propene butene Trivial name: ethylene propylene butylene 如果不是端烯烃则需要给出双键在碳链中的位置 give position of C=C,烯烃的命名（Alkene）,Names of continuous-chain alkenes(C1-C20),炔烃的命名 （Alkyne）,-yne（ Suffix） IUPAC names： Ethyne propyne butyneIcosyne Triv
4、ial name: acetylene 如果不是端烯烃则需要给出叁键的位置 give position of CC,直链烃基取代基(substituents)的命名,烷基alkyl-alkane Rule :omit the suffix “ane” and add “yl” to the end of the name(去掉后缀“ane” ,加上 “yl”) methyl nonadecyl icosyl,直链烃基取代基的命名,烯基alkenyl- alkene Rule : omit the last letter “e” and add “yl” to the end of the na
5、me(去掉最后一个字母“e” ，加上后缀“yl”) ethenyl 乙烯基） 1-propenyl (丙烯基) trivial names: vinyl, allyl (烯丙基),直链烃基取代基的命名,炔基alkynyl alkyne Rule: omit the last letter “e” and add “yl” to the end of the name(去掉最后一个字母“e” ，加上后缀“yl”) 1-propynyl（丙炔基）, 1-pentynyl（戊炔基） 苯基 benzene=phene phenyl（苯基）-benzyl （苯甲基，苄基）,如果相同的烷基（简单的烷基）在
6、一个分子中超过一个，用前缀来表示：di-, tri-, tetra- 如果相同的烷基（复杂的烷基）在一个分子中超过一个，用前缀来表示：bis-, tris-, tetrakis-, pentakis- bi-: biphenyl（联苯）, binuclear-（双核）,烃基取代基的命名,支链烃的命名（Branched-alkyl group）,Rule i. Choose the longest continuous chain with the greatest number of substituents as the parent body. 规则1.选择最长、取代基最多的碳链作为主链.
7、,支链烃的命名,3-methylheptane（3-甲基庚烷）,2,3,5-trimethyl-4-propylheptane,Rule ii. Give the lowest position numbers for substituents. 规则2. 取代基的位置数目总和最小。,支链烃的命名,2,3,3-trimethylpentane,2,2,4-trimethylpentane,2,3,5-trimethylhexane,Ruleiii. Give the first listed substituent a lower position number; the sum of the
8、 position numbers for all sbustituents should be as low as possible. 规则3. 数字较小的取代基排在前面，表示取代基位置的数字总和尽可能小。,支链烃的命名,支链烃的命名（Branched-alkyl group）,The names of the substituents are given in alphabetical order in the systematic names of organic compounds. Except the prefixes iso- and neo-, the other prefix
9、es, such as di-, tri-, sec-, tert- are not involved in alphabetical listing.,支链烃的命名,2,3,5-trichlorohexane Not 2,4,5-trichlorohexane,2,7,8-trimethyldecane Not 3,4,9-trimethyldecane,烃基取代基的命名,如果是枝状的烷基，用前缀iso-, neo-, sec-, tert- 表示,n- normal (正） iso- isomeric (异） tert- tertiary(叔）,烃基取代基的命名,neo- neos(新),
10、 sec- secondary( 仲）,烃基取代基的命名,sec-（仲）, tert- （叔）只用于丁基：sec-butyl, tert-butyl iso-（异）, neo-（新） 既可以用于化合物的命名，又可以用于取代基 的命名。 isobutyl, isobutane, isohexyl, neopentyl, neopentane,烃基取代基的命名,Exercises:,2-methylpentane,5-ethyl-2,2-dimethyloctane,2,2-dimethyl-5-ethyloctane,4-sec-butyl-3-methylnonane（壬烷）,3-methyl
11、-4-sec-butylnonane,5-isopropyl-4-propyldecane（癸烷）,4-propyl-5-isopropyldecane,3-propyl-1,3,5-hexatriene,4,4-bis(tert-butyl)-2-methyloctane（叔丁基）,5-sec-butylnonane 仲丁基 5-(2-butyl)nonane 5-2-butylnonane,2-methyl-4,4-bis(tert-butyl)octane,4,4-bis(tert-butyl)-2-methyloctane（叔丁基）,4-vinyl-1-hepten-5-yne,3-a
12、cetylenyl-1,5-hexadiene,3-vinyl-4-propyl-1,3-hexadien-5-yne,2单环化合物（Monocyclic compounds）的命名,命名规则： 环烷烃 cyclo + alkane cyclo + alkyl 环烯烃 cyclo + alkene cyclo + alkenyl 环炔烃 cyclo + alkyne cyclo + alkynyl,cyclohexane,cyclohexene,monocyclic compounds,cyclo + the name of alkane cyclopropane cyclopentane c
13、yclohexane monosubstituted: chlorocyclohexane methylcyclopentane,multisubstituted: Give the functional group the lowestposition number. The sum of position numbers for all substituents should be as low as possible.,cyclopentylcyclohexane,trans-1-ethyl- 4-methylcyclohexane,5-cyclopentyl-2-methylhepta
14、ne,环烷烃,环烯烃,1,3 cyclohexadiene,3-ethyl-1,4,5-trimethylcyclohexene 支链取代基的命名,xylene o, m, p-,benzene,toluene,芳香化合物Arometic compounds,邻位-ortho 间位-meta 对位-para,mesitylene,styrene,单取代苯 Monosubstituted benzenes,nitrobenzene,ethylbenzene,chlorobenzene,aniline,cyanobenzene,phenol,一些重要的取代基Other important subs
15、tituents,hydroxy-,alkoxy- (C1-C4 methoxy, ethoxy, Propoxy, butoxy; C5 pentyloxy decyl oxy),phenoxy,mercapto (巯基）,Alkylthio,amino,formyl,cyano,nitro,nitrosyl,acetyl,oxo,Alkanoyl (acyl，hexanoyl）,C1-C5酰基（acyl）俗名: formyl, acetyl, propionyl, butyryl valeryl,benzoyl,3-oxobutyric acid,benzoic acid,o-(ethylthio)phenol,多取代的芳香化合物 Multisubstituented aromatic compounds,p-acetylbenzoic acid o-hydroxybenzoic acid m-sec-butyl （仲丁基）chlorobenzene,p-bromomethoxy benzene 3-ethyl-4-phenyl cyclohexene p-ethyltoluene,m-methylaniline o-cyanophenol,perfluorobenzene,o-xylene,phthalic acid,
