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1、Lesson 1 History of the automobile,The history of the automobile begins as early as 1769, with the creation of steam-powered automobiles capable of human transport. Steam-powered self-propelled vehicles are thought to have been devised in the late 18th century. Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot demonstrated his
2、 fardier vapeur, an experimental steam-driven artillery tractor, in 1770 and 1771.,By 1784, William Murdoch had built a working model of a steam carriage in Redruth, and in 1801 Richard Trevithick was running a full-sized vehicle on the road in Camborne. Such vehicles were in vogue for a time, and o
3、ver the next decades such innovations as hand brakes, multi-speed transmissions, and better steering developed.,At the 1900s some steam-powered self-propelled vehicles were commercially successful in providing mass transit, until a backlash against these large speedy vehicles resulted in passing a l
4、aw, the Locomotive Act, in 1865 requiring self-propelled vehicles on public roads in the United Kingdom be preceded by a man on foot waving a red flag and blowing a horn. The law was not repealed until 1896, although the need for the red flag was removed in 1878.,German engineer Karl Benz, inventor
5、of numerous car-related technologies, is generally regarded as the inventor of the modern automobile. The four-stroke petrol (gasoline) internal combustion engine that constitutes the most prevalent form of modern automotive propulsion is a creation of German inventor Nikolaus Otto.,Early attempts a
6、t making and using internal combustion engines were hampered by the lack of suitable fuels, particularly liquids, and the earliest engines used gas mixtures2. A later version was propelled by coal gas. Karl Benz built his first automobile in 1885 in Mannheim. Benz was granted a patent for his automo
7、bile on 29 January 1886, and began the first production of automobiles in 1888.,Soon after, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Stuttgart in 1889 designed a vehicle from scratch to be an automobile, rather than a horse-drawn carriage fitted with an engine.,1885-built Benz Patent Motorwagen,1. Ve
8、teran car era By 1900, mass production of automobiles had begun in France and the United States. By the start of the 20th century, the automobile industry was beginning to take off in western Europe, especially in France, they produced 30,204 in 1903, representing 48.8% of world automobile productio
9、n that year.,Innovation was rapid and rampant, with no clear standards for basic vehicle architectures, body styles, construction materials, or controls. Automobiles were seen as more of a novelty than a genuinely useful device. Breakdowns were frequent, fuel was difficult to obtain, roads suitable
10、for travelling were scarce, and rapid innovation meant that a year-old car was nearly worthless.,Major breakthroughs in proving the usefulness of the automobile came with the historic long-distance drive of Bertha Benz in 1888, when she traveled more than 80kilometres (50mile) from Mannheim to Pforz
11、heim, to make people aware of the potential of the vehicles her husband, Karl Benz, manufactured.,2. Edwardian era Edwardian era lasted from roughly 1905 through to the beginning of World War I in 1914. Throughout this era, development of automotive technology was rapid, due in part to a huge number
12、 (hundreds) of small manufacturers all competing to gain the worlds attention.,Key developments included electric ignition system (by Robert Bosch, 1903), independent suspension, and four-wheel brakes (by the Arrol-Johnston Company of Scotland in 1909). Transmissions and throttle controls were widel
13、y adopted, allowing a variety of cruising speeds, though vehicles generally still had discrete speed settings, rather than the infinitely variable system familiar in cars of later eras.,Some examples of cars of the period included the following: 19081927 Ford Model T the most widely produced and ava
14、ilable car of the era. It used a planetary transmission, and had a pedal-based control system. 19101920 Bugatti Type 13 a notable racing and touring model with advanced engineering and design. Similar models were the Types 15, 17, 22, and 23.,1910 Model T, photographed in Salt Lake City,3. Vintage e
15、ra The vintage era lasted from the end of World War I (1919), through the Wall Street Crash at the end of 1929. During this period, the front-engined car came to dominate, with closed bodies and standardised controls becoming the norm. In 1919, 90% of cars sold were open; by 1929, 90% were closed.,D
16、evelopment of the internal combustion engine continued at a rapid pace, with multi-valve and overhead camshaft engines produced at the high end, and V8, V12, and even V16 engines conceived for the ultra-rich. Exemplary vintage vehicles: 19241929 Bugatti Type 35 the Type 35 was one of the most successful racing cars of all time, with over 1,000 victories in five years.,19271931 Ford Model A after Model T in production for too long, Ford restarted its model series with the 1927 Model A. More th
