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1、Chapter Four,Translation of Words(1),词语的指称意义与蕴涵意义 语境下的词语翻译 “假朋友”的识别 词义空缺及翻译策略,Warming Up,(1)cook house/tea house/out house/ court house/farm house/slaughter house/ store house/light house/power house (2)He once again imparted to us his great knowledge, experience and wisdom. (3)In every Chinese city
2、, we got into the streets, shops, parks, theatres and restaurants.,(1) 厨房/茶室/外屋/ 法院/农舍/屠宰场/ 仓库/灯塔/发电厂 (2) 我们有一次领略了他那广博的知 识、丰富的经验和无穷的智慧。 (3) 在中国我们每到一个城市,就逛 大街、逛商店、逛公园、上剧场、下饭馆。,词语的指称意义与蕴涵意义,指称意义 指称意义(denotation, the dictionary meaning or literal meaning),即“词的确切和字面的意义”,词语间的可译性就是由指称意义的基本对等决定的。 例如,月亮-moo
3、n,指称意义往往具有多重性,即一词多义现象,如: 好教徒 a faithful Christian(=虔诚的教徒) 好父母 a loving parent(=慈爱的父母) 好儿女 an obedient child(=孝顺的儿女) 好妻子 a virtuous wife(=贤良的妻子) 好丈夫 a dutiful husband(=尽职的丈夫) 当然,每个人对怎样才算是“好教徒、好父母、好儿女、好妻子、好丈夫”会有不同标准,因此对这五组“好”字也可能会有不同的理解和表达。,是 他是我父亲。(系动词,表示判断) He is my father. 这姑娘是漂亮。(的确,确实) This girl
4、is really beautiful. 此人是书就读。(凡是) This man reads every book he can reach. 是可忍,孰不可忍?(这,仅用于书面语) If this can be tolerated. What cannot? 是古非今(动词,认为正确) praise the past to condemn the present,就 稍等一会儿,我就来。 Just a minute. Im coming. 他要是不来,我就代他发言。 If he doesnt come, Ill speak instead of him. 那个人就是他的哥哥。 That v
5、ery man is his elder brother. 你就是送给我,我也不要。 Even if you give it to me, I wont accept it. 他就着油灯读信。 He read the letter by the oil lamp.,蕴涵意义 蕴涵意义(connotation, what it suggests beyond what it expresses, the overtones of meaning),即词语内含的情感和联想意义,是词语的隐含意义,反映该民族特有的思维方式和社会文化。,(1)咱们俩的事,一条绳上拴着两只蚂 蚱谁也跑不了! (老舍骆驼祥
6、子) Were like two grasshoppers tied to one cord, neither can get away! (2)表壮不如里壮。 (曹雪芹红楼梦第六十八回) A sound wife counts for more than a sound husband. (3)He has many hot potatoes to handle every day. 他每天要处理许多棘手的问题。,语境下的词语翻译,语境(context), 即语言环境或交际行为产生的具体环 境,是语言在其间作为交际手段发挥作 用的真实环境,有人、时、地等诸因素 的差异。处于特定中的语言不再是
7、静态 的和潜在、模糊的,而是成为一种活跃 的言语活动,表达某种明确的具体的意 义。一定的言语活动总是处在一定的语 境中,并受语境的制约。,顾客:“贵厂生产的毛巾上的蝴 蝶栩栩如生啊!” 厂长(惊喜的):“是吗?” 顾客:“我洗脸时,那蝴蝶竟然 扑到我脸上来了!”,语言语境 他知道外面蜕壳是危险的。身子还软,要被别的螃蟹吃去的。 鲁迅螃蟹 He knew it would be very dangerous to shed his shell in the open because, with his new shell still being soft, he might be eaten u
8、p by other crabs. “身子还软”意即“蜕去旧壳后新壳还软”,“身子”在此处指“新壳”,不泛指“躯体”,上 干部要能上能下。 A cadre should be ready to take a lower as well as a higher post. 随函附上8角钱邮票1张。 Enclosed herewith is a 80-fen stamp. 上了好几道菜。 Several courses were served. 这事已经上电视了。 It has been publicized on TV.,文化语境 招风惹草 look for trouble (invite wi
9、nd to exasperate the grass) 外甥打灯笼照舅(旧) act according to the old ways (the nephew carrying a lantern-showing the way for his uncle) 狼牙山五壮士 Five Death-Defying Armymen Resisting Japanese Aggressors on Mt. Langya (Five Heroic Armymen on Mt. Langya),三通 Three direct links of trade, mail and air and shippi
10、ng services across the Taiwan Straits 三教(儒、佛、道) Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism 三资企业 Enterprises in the “three forms of ventures”: Sino-foreign joint ventures, cooperative business and exclusively foreign-owned enterprises,“假朋友”的识别,汉语和英语这两种语言虽然差异很大,但也存在着大量词义相符的词语及合成词,如: 太阳-sun 箱子-box 头-head 院子-yar
11、d 价格-price 阳光-sunlight 信箱-mailbox 头痛-headache 后院-backyard 底价-base price,假朋友(false friend), 即“看似相同,实则有别”的假词义相符词语。e.g. 好好学习,天天向上 Good good study, day day up 人山人海 People mountain, people sea How are you? 怎么是你? How old are you? 怎么老是你?,“假朋友”产生原因:,(1)字面意义机械对应 密码 secret code password/passcode 手机 hand phone
12、 mobile/cell phone 大片 big movie blockbuster 早恋 early love puppy love 牛仔裤 cowboy trousers jeans 隐形眼镜 invisible glasses contact lenses 拳头产品 fist product knockout product,(2)字面意义相同,指称意义有别 酸奶 sour milk yoghurt 绿豆 green bean mung bean 卧室 living room bedroom 食言 eat ones words break a promise 黄色书籍 yellow b
13、ook pornography book 试穿 to have a fit try sth. On 戴绿帽子 have a green bonnet to cuckold,(3)指称意义相同,蕴涵意义有别 农民 peasant farmer 宣传 propaganda popularize 价廉物美 cheap and good nice and inexpensive 个人主义 individualism 唯心主义 idealism 自由主义 liberalism,(4)词语搭配不当 假花 artificial flower 假牙 false tooth 假唱 lip-synch 假钞 co
14、unterfeit money 假酒 adulterated wine 假新闻 pseudo-event 大雨 heavy rain 大风 strong wind 大雾 thick fog,(5)未透彻理解原意 尤其觉得难堪的是知友的逐渐减少和疏远,缺乏交际上的温暖的慰藉。 夏丏尊中年人的寂寞 The most intolerable of all is the lack of friendly warmth and comfort due to the gradual passing away and estrangement of more and more old pals. (张培基译
15、) 逐渐减少 gradual dwindling away?,“假朋友”练习,宰客 自学 彩票 吃食堂 三角债 赢得市场 学习知识 大龄青年,Swindle money from customers Self taught lottery Eat in the canteen Chain debts Gain a larger share of the market Acquire knowledge Single youth above the normal matrimonial age,词义空缺(Semantic Zero Correspondence),语言是文化的载体,语言中的词汇是
16、文化信息的积淀,反映出该民族的文化观和价值观。词汇意义往往带有独特的民族性,因此,一种文化里的语义在另一种语言里可能就不存在,这种现象被称为词义空缺(Semantic Zero Correspondence)。 如:糖葫芦、饺子、乌纱帽、道、 阴阳、天干、地支等,词义空缺的翻译策略,(1)音译法(Transliteration) 气功 qigong 功夫 kong fu 太极 tai chi 风水 feng shui 磕头 kowtow 豆腐 tofu 饺子 jiaozi,(2)意译法(Free Translation) 皮蛋 preserved egg 元宵 sweet dumplings made of glutinous rice f