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1、Brief Summary of Stylistics General Stylistics is the science which explores how readers interact with the languages of texts in order to explain how we understand and are affected by texts when we read them. The stylistic mainly concerns about the examination of grammar, lexis, semantics, as well a
2、s phonological properties and discursive devices. Its developing and not come to maturity now. According to different standards, the stylistics mainly divide into two major types ： linguistic stylistics and literary stylistics. And there are many school of stylistics such as lingvo-stylistics, liter
3、ary stylistics, applied stylistics, contrastive stylistics, applied stylistics and so on. In the basic notions of stylistics, the 通述 文体学是为一门教我们怎么更好的 使用语言的一门学科，主要关注语法， 词汇，语义，语音特征和表达手段。 文体学目前是不完善的，处于发展阶 段。 根据不同的标准，文体学分为两大 类：普通文体学和文学文体学.并且文 体学有许多不同的学派，如形式文体 学，话语文体学，文学文体学，应用 文体学，社会文体学，认知文体学， 比较文体学等。 在文体
4、学的基本概念中， expressive means and the stylistic devices should be noticed. Expressive means of the language are units of different language levels: phonetic, morphological, word-building, syntactic, lexical, phraseological, which serve the purpose of logical and emotional intensification of the utteranc
5、es. A stylistic device is a generalized pattern, which activates a conscious and intentional intensification of a certain property of a language unit, designed to achieve a particular artistic effect. Stylistics origins from the ancient classical rhetoric, especially the rhetoric of Aristotle. But t
6、he modern stylistics roots in Russian Formalism and the related Prague School of the early twentieth century. In the early twentieth century, the famous person of stylistics is Charles Bally and in the late twentieth century is Roman Jakobson. 值得注意的是表达方式和文体手段。 表达方式是表述特定内容所使用的特 定的语言方法，手段。文体手段为达 成特定的艺
7、术效果所普遍认可的特定 组合。 文体学起源于古老的经典修辞学， 特别是亚里士多德的修辞论.但现代文 体学起源于俄罗斯的形式主义和20世 纪早期的相关的布拉格学派。20 世纪 早期的代表人物是法国的巴特利，20 世纪晚期的则是罗曼雅各布森。 It is clear that the Stylistics has much contacts with Rhetoric,. Rhetoric is the art of discourse, an art that aims to improve the capability of writers or speakers to inform, per
8、suade, or motivate particular audiences in specific situations. Its best known definition comes from Aristotle, who considers it a counterpart of both logic and politics, and calls it “the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion.” Rhetoric About the history of Rhetor
9、ic, Rhetoric has its origins in Mesopotamia. And In ancient Egypt, rhetoric had existed since at least the Middle Kingdom period .The Egyptians held eloquent speaking in high esteem, and it was a skill that had a very high value in their society. 文体学和修辞学密不可分。修辞， 是依据题旨情景，运用各种表现手段 方法，对语言材料进行加工，提高语 言表达
10、效果的一种活动，而研究这种 提高语言表达效果规律的科学，就叫 做修辞学。西方修辞学发展史上，真 正将修辞界定为一门学科的人是亚里 士多德，他将修辞学界定为”在每一 件 事 上 发 现 可 用 的 说 服 手 段 的 能 力。” 修辞学 修辞起源于美索不达米亚.在古埃及， 修辞学自中王国时期就存在，古埃及 人关注雄辩，认为修辞学在社会生活 中具有重大价值。 The “Egyptian rules of rhetoric ” also clearly specified that “knowing when not to speak is essential, and very respected
11、, rhetorical knowledge. ” Their “approach to rhetoric”was thus a “ balance between eloquence and wise silence. ” Their rules of speech also strongly emphasized “ adherence to social behaviors that support a conservative status quo ” and they held that “skilled speech should support, not question, so
12、ciety. ” In ancient China, rhetoric dates back to the Chinese philosopher, Confucius. In ancient Greece, the earliest mention of oratorical skill occurs in Homers Iliad. At the turn of the 20th century, there was a revival of rhetorical study manifested in the establishment of departments of rhetori
13、c and speech at academic institutions, as well as the formation of national and international professional organizations. 埃及的修辞原则明确定义：知道什 么时候不说话是必不可少的，而且了 解非常受人尊敬和修辞的知识. 古埃 及的修辞手法是雄辩和智慧的沉默的 平衡。他们演讲的原则强调坚持保持 现状的社会行为，并且他们认为好的 演讲应该是受人支持的，有利于社会 的，而不是被人质疑的。在古中国， 修辞回溯到中国的哲学家孔子和他的 追随者。在古希腊，最早涉及的是河 马的伊利亚特。
14、20 世纪见证了修辞学 的再次兴起。当代学者继续在数世纪 的修辞传统上添砖加瓦，重新解释修 辞学来说明人类交流的重要性 Rhetoric typically provide heuristics for understanding discovering and developing arguments for particular situations. And we should know the Aristotles three persuasive audience appeals: logos, pathos, and ethos. And the five canons of rh
15、etoric: invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery. invention (the process of developing arguments); style (determining how to present the arguments); arrangement (organizing the arguments for extreme effect); delivery (the gestures, pronunciation, tone and pace used when presenting the per
16、suasive arguments); memory (the process of learning and memorizing the speech and persuasive messages.) 修辞学通常提供在特定条件下，关 于理解，认知和论据的探索法. 关于修辞，我们需要知道亚里士多 德的修辞学三种劝说方式: 逻辑诉求，情感诉求，人格诉求， 以及修辞五艺 : 取材，布局谋篇，朗诵法，表达技巧， 默记： 取材建立论据的过程； 表达技巧如何表述 布局谋略决定如何表达论据； 朗诵法手势，发音，语调，表达 论据的步骤； 默记学习和记忆演讲信息的过程 Grammar The system of transitivity is a particular grammatical facility used for capturing experience in l
