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1、Chapter 4. The Legal and Regulatory Environments of Global Marketing,International Law,International law may be defined as rules and principles that nation-states consider binding among themselves 国际法可被定义为国家认可约束他们自己的原则和规则,International law is divided into public international law国际公法and Private inte
2、rnational law 国际私法 public international law deal with disputes arising between nations Private international law deal with disputes arising from commercial transactions between citizens or companies of different nations,Public international law国际公法,International judiciary organizations:国际司法机构 The Pe
3、rmanent Court of International Justice 国际常设法庭（1920-1945） the International Court of Justice (ICJ) 国际法庭（1946） The International Law Commission 国际法律委员会（1947年由美国建立）,Sources of public international law: International conventions国际公约 International customs国际惯例 The general principles of law recognized by c
4、ivilized nations.被文明国家承认的一般法律原则 Judicial decisions and the teaching of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations各国资深国际法学家的司法判决以及学说return,Private international law国际私法,Is there a supranational judicial body 司法机构 to deal with legal commercial problems arising between citizens of diff
5、erent countries? The answer is no,Jurisdiction in Private International Legal System 司法管辖权,Jurisdiction: a courts authority to rule on particular types of controversies arising outside of a nations borders or to exercise power over individuals or entities from different countries. 法庭对国境外发生的特定种类争端做出裁
6、决的权力，或对不同国家的个人或实体行使权力的范围 Territorial jurisdiction 属地管辖 Personal jurisdiction 属人管辖,Sources of private international law: Internal law 国内法 International treaties 国际条约 International custom 国际惯例,Bases for Legal Systems法律体系的基础,(1) Common law, derived from English law and found in England, the United Stat
7、es, Canada, and other countries once under English influence 普通法（英美法系） (2) Civil or code law, derived from Roman law and found in much of continental European countries and some Asian countries. 民法（大陆法系） (3) Islamic law, derived from the interpretation of the Koran 对古兰经的解释and found in Pakistan, Iran
8、, Saudi Arabia, and other Islamic states,Common Law vs. Civil Law 1,Common law: disputes are decided by reliance on the authority of past judicial decisions司法判决 Civil law: legal system reflects the structural concepts and principles of the Roman Empire It is regarded as all-inclusive source of autho
9、rity.,Common Law vs. Civil Law 2,Under common law, ownership is established by use 在英美法系中，所有权要经过使用才得以确立 Under civil law, ownership is determined by registration. 在大陆法系中，所有权则通过登记加以确立,Common Law vs. Civil Law 3,In common-law country, the same agreement may be binding so long as proof of the agreement
10、can be established. 而在英美法系中只要能举证协议,这些协议就具有约束力。 In some civil-law countries, certain agreements may not be enforceable unless properly notarized or registered 在一些应用大陆法系的国家里，一些协议不经公证或登记就不具有强制执行力,Common Law vs. Civil Law 4,Under common law, acts of God only refers to some extraordinary happening of nat
11、ure, such as floods, earthquakes, and similar occurrences. 在英美法系中，不可抗力是指自然界中所发生的偶然事件，如洪水、地震等类似灾害。 Under civil law, acts of God are not limited solely to acts of nature but extended to include “unavoidable interference with performance, whether resulting from forces of nature or unforeseeable human a
12、cts”, including such things as labor strikes and riots 在大陆法系中，不可抗力不仅仅限于自然的行为，还延伸至包括对合同履行无法避免的干预，不管这种干预源于自然还是无法预见的人类行为，比如罢工或暴动。,Islamic Law,Legal system in many Middle Eastern countries Based on the sharia 伊斯兰教教法- a comprehensive code governing Muslim conduct in all areas of life 管束穆斯林在生活的各方面行为的综合性法典
13、 Koran古兰经- Holy Book圣经 Hadith哈底斯圣训 Based on life, sayings, and practices of Muhammad Identifies forbidden practices Islamic law prohibits the payment of interest Prohibits investment in activities that violate the Sharia e.g., business dealing with alcohol, gambling,Two sources,International Dispute
14、 Resolution,International disputes can be resolved by: Conciliation调解 Arbitration仲裁 Litigation诉讼,Conciliation,Conciliation (also known as mediation) is a nonbinding agreement between parties to resolve disputes by asking a third party to mediate differences 调解是指通过第三方协调当事双方的分歧，达成解决争议的无约束力的协定。 Concili
15、ation is confidential 调解是保密的,Arbitration,The arbitration procedure calls for the parties involved to select a disinterested and informed party or parties as referee to determine the merits of the case and make a judgment that both parties agree to honor 仲裁的通常程序是由有关双方选择公正无私、知情的一方或几方作为仲裁人，并由仲裁人来判断事情的是
16、非曲直并做出双方同意执行的裁决。,In most countries, decisions reached in formal arbitration are enforceable under the law 在大多数国家，经过正式仲裁达成的决定是具有法律强制力的 1958 United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards联合国承认和执行外国仲裁裁决公约 （also known as New York Convention纽约公约） Most important treaty regarding international arbitration,Characteristic: Arbitration can be started only by prior agreement of the two parties.仲裁需要双方的事先同意。 Arbitration is confidential
