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1、Grammar Revision,分词做状语 和 独立主格结构,分词做状语,V-ing 作状语, 可表时间、原因、方式、结果、条件、让步、伴随或陪衬等含义, 相当于一个对应的状语从句所表达的意思.,1. _（walk）in the street, I came across an old friend. When. 2. _(be) ill, he didnt go to school. Because 3. _(use) your head, you will find a way. If,We were sitting by the window, _(talk) about what h
2、appened yesterday.(伴随） His parents died, _(leave) him an orphan.,Having met him for many times, she decided to help him out. After she had met him for many times,1.v-ing形式作状语时，若它所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动作之前，需用having done, 被动形式 having been done 2. v-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语必须和主句主语保持一致；3. 否定式直接在分词前加not,Not knowing her ad
3、dress, we had to get in touch with her. _(finish) the class, she went home. _(catch) on the spot, the thief had to admit his crime.,Ved 作状语,1.过去分词作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、让步、伴随情况等。 过去分词的逻辑主语是主句的主语,_(see) from space, the earth looks blue. When it is _(keep )in refrigerator, these vegetables will remain fresh.
4、If they are Deeply _(move) by the story, the children began to cry.,过去完成时,1.定义：在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。 2. 结构：had done 被动：had been done I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night。 I thought I had seen him before.,与分词作状语交叉,After she had finished the office work, she came to t
5、he sitting room and relaxed. Having finished the office work, she ,Practice,1. _ from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes. A. Suffered B. Suffering C. Having sufferedD. Being suffered,2. He sent me an e-mail, _ to get further information. A. h
6、opedB. hoping C. to hopeD. hope,3. While building a tunnel through the mountain, _. A. an underground lake was discovered B. there was an underground lake discovered C. a lake was discovered underground D. the workers discovered an underground lake,4. Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage _
7、 the girl and took her away, _ into the woods. seizing; disappeared B. seized; disappeared C. seizing; disappearing D. seized; disappearing,5. _ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. A. To waitB. Have waited C. Having waitedD. To have waited,6. If
8、_ the same treatment again, hes sure to get well. A. giving B. give C. given D. being given,7. Unless _ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference. A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited,7. _ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States. A
9、. Being founded B. It was founded C. Founded D. Founding,独立主格结构,1.由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。,2. 特点 1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。,3. 结构 名词/主格代词+现在分词/过去分词/不定式 /形容词/副词/介词短语 There being +名词/代词 It being +名词/代词,The girl _(stare) at him (= As t
10、he girl stared at him), he didnt know what to say. Time _(permit) (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. The problems_ (solve) (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.,独立主格与状语从句的转换,当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不同时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。 After class was over，the students soo
11、n left the classroom. Class being over / Class over,He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. His mother （being） ill, he had to stay home to look after her. The meeting（being） over, they all went home.,being（或having been）不能省略的情形,(1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。 It being Sunday, we went to church.
12、 (2)在There being名词/代词的结构中。 There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.,Our English teacher came into the classroom, book in hand. n/pron+介词短语结构中，n/pron前不可用冠词或形容词性物主代词（his，her，our）,Practice,1.The cave _ very dark, he lit some candles _ light. was; given B. was; to give C. being; given D. being; to
13、 give,2. The soldier rushed into the cave, his right hand _ a gun and his face _ with sweat. A held; covered B. holding; covering C. holding; covered D. held; covering 3. The girl in the snapshot（快照） was smiling sweetly, her long hair _. A. flowed in the breeze B. was flowing in the breeze C. were f
14、lowing in the breeze D. flowing in the breeze,4. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _ for the day. A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished,5._,we went home. A. Our homework had been finished B.Our homework having been finished C. Our homework finishing D.
15、 Our homework been finished 6.The meeting_, he went back to his company. A. Over B. had over C. was over D. have been over,7. _,he put on his coat. A. It being cold B. It cold C. Being cold D. It having been cold 8.Time _,we shall visit the zoo. A. been permitting B. permitting C. permitted D. having been permitted,9. _, we have to get down to business right away A. There was no time left B. There is no time left C. There being no time left D. There to be no time left,10. She stood th
