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1、Negative Effects of the Patent System in the Development of Technology in the view of the Process of Technology,从技术过程看专利制度对技术发展的负面效应,Alice Zhang Institute for the History of Natural Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 张改珍 中国科学院自然科学史研究所,Main Points:,Process of Technology: Tool of Theory（技术过程：理论工具） T
2、ool of Example : the Treatment and Control of AIDS （例子工具:艾滋病的治疗及控制） Conclusion: Negative Effects of the Patent System in the Development of Technology（结论：专利制度对技术发展消极影响的表现）,Preface,Since 1474, the birth of the Venice Patent Law（威尼斯专利法）, and 1623, the proclamation of the “monopoly Law”（垄断法） in the Uni
3、ted Kingdom, the patent had gradually changed from a first privilege（特权） granted by monarch to a kind of private right（私权） set down as a system, which has been valued for its protection of individually creative abilities and for its economic function of promoting technological dissemination（促进技术传播）.
4、,Though patent law is to some extent an effective balance between individual and collective benefits (details of patented technology is to be known publicly in a certain year技术公开和专利年限), obtaining the monopoly over patented technology（专利技术垄断） for patent holders （专利权人）within a certain time has neverth
5、eless caused negative effects in the development of technology.,Process of Technology,Four Stages of the Process of Modern Technology Interest Expected（利益预期） Technological Ideas（技术构想） Technology Realized（技术实现）, Technology Used (interest realized) （技术应用，利益实现） With the development of market economy an
6、d technology becoming an important tool for economic development, interest expected has increasingly played an important role in the process of technological development. .,The Definition of Technological Development A process of technology from one stage to another stage of transformation A technol
7、ogical diffusion from one technological system to another, in the same or different industrial enterprises, as well as on an international scale,Example : the Treatment and Control of AIDS,AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is one of the infectious diseases which cause the highest rate of de
8、ath in the world. Roughly 6,000 people become infected with HIV each day, with a total of approximately 2.7 million new infections per year. Worldwide, an estimated 33 million people are living with HIV/AIDS, with 22 million of those individuals living in sub-Saharan Africa. Even if the incidence of
9、 HIV infections continues to decline at current ratesfor which there is no guaranteethere will still be more than 22 million new infections by 2015.,Though vaccines have proved to be one of the most powerful and cost-effective of all public health tools, up to now, human beings havent found effectiv
10、e vaccine to control AIDS, and very few people, company or organization invest to this kind of vaccine.The poor outcomes of one HIV vaccine trial in 2007 prompted reductions in commercial investment and redirection of government funding toward more basic research. Bill &Melinda Gates foundation dona
11、ted 287 million USD to found CAVD （The Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery）in July 2006.,One reason of the non-investment is technological difficulty in discovering, while the other important reason being failures of interest expected which are ascertained by patent system. Technological develo
12、pment is set back in the first stage. Human beings find ways to treat AIDS. However, only a few rich people can afford it. To most patient living in subsahara countries, they can only suffer from AIDS until dead. Patents of technology cause high prices and hold back of technological dissemination. T
13、echnological development is set back in the fourth stage: technology used.,Conclusions:,Interest-oriented of patent to patent holders make interest, not social needs, become the direct driving force for technological innovation, and the technology failed in interest-expected usually has not been dev
14、eloped. Monopoly over patented technology bestowed by patent law makes the prices of technological products unreasonably higher than their value, which has limited its popularization. Monopoly makes technological diffusion, in the same, or in different, and international countries as well, become difficult, and makes a serious result in the development of technology as a whole, and in the small businesses in similar or heterogeneous industries, underdeveloped and developing countries and other vulnerable group.,MANY THANKS!,
