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1、第一题 1、请列举三个你在大学生活中重要的权衡取舍的例子。答：（1）大学毕业后，面临着是否继续深造的选择，选择继续上学攻读研究生学位，就意味着在今后三年中放弃参加工作、赚工资和积累社会经验的机会； （2）在学习内容上也面临着很重要的权衡取舍，如果学习经济学，就要减少学习英语或其他专业课的时间； （3）对于不多的生活费的分配问题同样面临权衡取舍，要多买书，就要减少在吃饭、买衣服等其他方面的开支。1、Give three examples of important tradeoffs that you face in your collage life.Answer:we love to get
2、one thing,and ofen have to give up another things.That is to make a decision between two targets is to tradeoff between two targets.(1) After graduating from college,we are face with two choices,to stay in school for further education or to work.(2) The learning content is also faced a very importan
3、t trade-off. For example, if we study economics, we have to spend less time on English and other courses. (3) For the distribution of living expenses is also faced trade-off. If we spend more money in buying books, we have to reduce the expense on eating, clothes or other aspects.第二题 经济学分为哪两个领域？解释每个
4、领域各研究什么。答：（1）经济学分为微观经济学和宏观经济学两个分领域。 （2）微观经济学研究经济中的个体现象，家庭和企业如何作出决策以及他们在市场上的相互交易；宏观经济学研究经济总体现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。2、What are the two subfields into which economics is divided? Explain what each subfield studies?Answer: (1) economics is divided into two subfields: microeconomics and macroeconomics.(2) mic
5、roeconomics study individual phenomena of the economy,families and businensses on how to make decisions as well as their mutual trade in the market; macroeconomices study the overall economy phenomenon,including inflation,unenployment and economy growth.第三题 实证表述与规范表述的差别是什么？各举出一个例子。（二）区别：（1）二者的概念不同：实
6、证表述是描述性的，是关于世界是什么的表述；而规范表述是是命令性的，是关于世界应该是什么的表述。（2）二者判断其正确性的方法不同：实证表述和规范表述的主要差别是我们如何判断他们的正确性。从原则上说，我们可以通过检验证据而确认或否定实证表述（如经济学家要评估上述实证表述的例子，可以通过分析最低工资数据的变动以及不同时间段而导致的失业状况的变化来判断）； 而规范表述的判断不仅涉及事实数据，还要涉及价值观的问题（如要评估上述规范表述的例子，就不能仅仅通过事实数据，还要考虑道德标准、宗教信仰、伦理哲学）。（还要考虑道德标准、伦理哲学等价值观问题。）Answer: (A) For example:Posi
7、tive statements: Minimum wage laws cause unemployment.Normative statements: The government should raise the minimum wage.(B) The differences:The difference between the two concepts: Positive statements are descriptive，claims about how the world is; And normative statements are commands, claims about
8、 how the world ought to be. two different methods to determine its correctness: Positive statements and normative statements, the main difference is how we judge their validity. In principle, we can confirm or refute postive statements by examining evidence (such as economists might evaluate the abo
9、ve-mentioned examples of positive statements by analyzing data on changes in minimum wages and changes in unemployment over time); The normative statements of the judge not only factual data, but also issues related to values (for example, to evaluate the normative statements of the above examples,
10、we can not simply by the fact that the data, but also consider the ethics ,religious, political philosophy.). 第四题 为什么决策者应该考虑激励问题？答：（1）激励：是一种引起需要，激发动机、指导行为有效实现目标的心理活动过程。通俗理解：调动个体行为积极性。（2）因为人们通过比较成本与收益来做决定，所以他们的行为也会随着成本与收益的变化而变化。也就是说，人们会对激励做出反应。公共决策者应该从不忘记激励，如果政策改变了激励，改变了与人们自身相关的成本与收益，那么它将使人们改变自己的行为；（
11、3）当决策者未能考虑到行为如何由于政策的原因而变化时，他们的政策往往会产生意想不到的效果。政策往往可能会产生一些人们没有明显预想到的影响。当分析任何政策时，都要不仅考虑到它的直接效果，而且要考虑到它通过激励产生的间接效果。如果政策改变了激励，它将使人们改变自己的行为。所以作为决策者应该充分考虑激励问题。Answer: (1) incentive: a rise to the needs of the motivational and guide behavior to achieve its objectives and effective process of mental activity
12、. Popular understand: to mobilize the enthusiasm of individual behavior. (2) Because people make decisions by comparing costs and benefits, their behavior may change when the costs or benefits change. That is, people respond to incentives. Public policymakers should never forget about incentives, if
13、 the policy change incentives, to change the people themselves associated with the costs and benefits, then it will allow people to change their behavior; (3) When the policymakers failed to consider how their policies affect incentives, they often end up with results they did not intend. Policies c
14、an have effects that are not obvious in advance. When analyzing any policy, we must consider not only the direct effects, but also the indirect effects that work through incentives. If the policy changes incentives, it will cause people to alter their behavior. Therefore, as policy makers should tak
15、e full account of incentive problems. 第五题 什么因素决定买者对某一物品的需求量1. 价格。一个决定因素便是价格。需求量随着价格的上涨而下跌。需求量与价格之间呈反比关系。在其他条件相同，当一种商品的价格上升，需求量就会下降。当价格下降时，需求量上升。除了价格之外，还有其他因素影响着需求量。2. 收入。收入低意味着你的总花销要减少，那么在日常必需品上的开销就要减少。如果因为收入减少而导致对某些物品的需求量减少，这类物品就被称作是normal good.如果因为收入的减少导致对某些物品的需求量增加，这类物品就被称为是inferior good.3. 相关商品的
16、价格。当某一物品价格下降导致另外一种物品需求量的减少，这样的物品叫做代替品。当替代品的价格上升时，该物品的需求量就会增加。反之，则会减少。当某一物品价格下降导致另外一件物品的需求量增多，这样的物品叫做补充品。当补充品的价格上升时，该物品的需求量就会减少。反之，则会增加。4. 税收。如果某一物品的价格不变，而政府提高了人们在购买该物品时的税收，那么该物品的需求量就会减少。反之，该物品的需求量就会增大。5. 预期。你对未来的预期可能会影响你对今天的产品或服务的需求。如果你预期明天价格会上升，你可能更愿意今天在这样一个价格下去购买，但是如果你预期明天的价格下降，你可能不太愿意购买。6. 购买者人数。当购买者数量增加时，该物品的市场需求量将会增加。果。如果政策改变了激励，它将使人们改变自己的行为。所以作为决策者应该充分考虑激励问题。5
