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1、PSY369 Psycholinguistics LanguageComprehensionSpeechrecognition Differentfeaturesthanvisual Visualwordrecognition SpeechPerception SomeparallelinputOrthographyLettersCleardelineationDifficulttolearn SerialinputPhonetics PhonologyAcousticfeaturesUsuallynodelineation Easy tolearn Differentproblemstoo
2、ChestJewWadeAimInItJustyouwaitaminuteDelightsHavenDimeDaylightSavingsTimeCanoesHeWadIceHeCanYouSeeWhatISee FreeQuaintlyAsQuestShunsFrequentlyAskedQuestions HardProblemsinSpeechPerception Linearity paralleltransmission AcousticfeaturesoftenspreadthemselvesoutoverothersoundsWheredoesshowstartandmoneye
3、nd Waveform Demo sandinfo Showmethemoney HardProblemsinSpeechPerception Segmentationproblem Unlikevisualinput theacousticinputisnotphysicallysegmentedIllusionofsilence Therearenosilentgapsinthewaveform eventhoughwemay hear some IoweyouaYo Yo HardProblemsinSpeechPerception Segmentationproblem Unlikev
4、isualinput theacousticinputisnotphysicallysegmentedIllusionofsilence Therearenosilentgapsinthewaveform eventhoughwemay hear some HardProblemsinSpeechPerception Segmentationproblem Unlikevisualinput theacousticinputisnotphysicallysegmentedHerethesilencethatweseeintheacousticsisn tperceivedasagapinthe
5、word HardProblemsinSpeechPerception LackofInvariance OnephonemeshouldhaveaonewaveformThisisnotthecase The i ee in money and me aredifferent Waveform Showmethemoney HardProblemsinSpeechPerception LackofInvariance OnephonemeshouldhaveaonewaveformAnotherexample Hereisthephoneme d followedbydifferentvow
6、els HardProblemsinSpeechPerception LackofInvariance OnephonemeshouldhaveaonewaveformAndanother Thephrasehasfive t phonemes buttherearenot5identicalsweepsinthespectrogramTherearen tinvariantcuesforphoneticsegmentsAlthoughthesearchcontinues Peterbutteredtheburnttoast HardProblemsinSpeechPerception Co
7、articulation theinfluenceofthearticulation pronunciation ofonephonemeonthatofanotherphoneme Essentially producingmorethanonespeechsoundatonceMaybehelpfulbecauseitallowssomeparalleltransmissionofinformation possiblyhelpingpredictwhat scomingnext Eachsoundpartiallyshapedbysoundsbefore afteritkeelvskil
8、lvscool kil vs kIl vs kul IPAcharacters placeofarticulationandroundingonthekdifferalotdifferentversionsof thesamesound indifferentcontextsfromdifferentspeakers ThisiswhatallowsustotalksofastMaybehelpfulbecauseitallowssomeparalleltransmissionofinformation possiblyhelpingpredictwhat scomingnext HardPr
9、oblemsinSpeechPerception TradingrelationsMostphoneticdistinctionshavemorethanoneacousticcueasaresultoftheparticulararticulatorygesturethatgivesthedistinction Voice onset time VOT EnergyinburstOnsetfrequencyofthefirstformantPlacementinsyllablee g slit split the p reliesonsilenceandrisingformant diffe
10、rentmixturesofthesecanresultinthesameperceptionPerceptionmustestablishsome trade off betweenthedifferentcues HardProblemsinSpeechPerception ManyfactorsthatmaybeimportantAcousticInformationVisualinformationProsodicinformationSemanticcontextSyntacticstructure UsingVisualinformation McGurkeffectMcGurke
11、ffect2 TheMcGurkeffect McGurkandMacDonald 1976 Showedpeopleavideowheretheaudioandthevideodon tmatchThink dubbedmovie Visual ga withauditory ba oftenhear da ImplicationsPhonemeperceptionisanactiveprocessInfluencedbybothaudioandvisualinformation Beyondthesegment Prosodicfactors suprasegmentals English
12、 Speechisdividedintophrases Everyphrasehasafocus WordstressismeaningfulinEnglish Stressedsyllablesarealignedinafairlyregularrhythm whileunstressedsyllablestakeverylittletime Anextendedflatorlow risingintonationattheendofaphrasecanindicatethataspeakerintendstocontinuetospeak Afallingintonationsoundsm
13、orefinal Beyondthesegment Prosodicfactors suprasegmentals StressEmphasisonsyllablesinsentencesOnmeaning blackbird versus blackbird Top downeffectsonperceptionBetteranticipationofupcomingsegmentswhensyllableisstressedRateSpeedofarticulation Fastertalking shortervowels shorterVOTNormalization takingth
14、espeaker srateintoaccountIntonationUseofpitchtosignifydifferentmeaningsacrosssentences Top downeffectsonSpeechPerception SentencecontexteffectsExcisedspeechPhonemerestorationeffectSentencecontexteffects ExcisedSpeech SyntacticandsemanticcuescanhelpPollack Pickett 1964 Task Recordedconversationsandex
15、cisedindividualwords PresentedthewordstolistenersforidentificationWithincontextOutofcontextResults Wordsoutofcontextwereonlyrecognized47 oftime identificationwasgreatlyimprovedwithcontextSuggeststhatclarityinspeechreflectsprocessing top downaswellasbottom up Phonemerestorationeffect Task Listentoase
16、ntencewhichcontainedawordfromwhichaphonemewasdeletedandreplacedwithanothernoise e g acough Thestategovernorsmetwiththeirrespectivelegi laturesconveninginthecapitalcity s deletedandreplacedwithacough Clickhereforademoandadditionalinformation Warren 1970 Results Participantsheardthewordnormally despitethemissingphonemeUsuallyfailedtoidentifywhichphonemewasmissingInterpretation Wecanusetop downknowledgeto fillin themissinginformation Phonemerestorationeffect WarrenandWarren 1970 Whatifthemissingpho
