《202X年印度的IT产业发达》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《202X年印度的IT产业发达（43页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、問題 印度的IT產業發達 人工便宜 泰國自排機車無人問津 東南亞設廠便宜 然而人工素質較低 大和燒肉捲 板烤米香堡 產品差異化與製程設計問題 Wal Mart的搬運設備與巴西的標準棧板不相容 跨國的關稅 滙率 貿易保護 基礎建設 文化 IncreasingGlobalization 1 5ofoutputofUSfirmsproducedabroadUSCompanieshold 500Billioninforeignassetstocks 7 annualgrowth 1 4ofUSimportsbetweenforeignaffiliatesandUSparentcompaniesOver
2、halfofUScompaniesincreasedthenumberofcountriesinwhichtheyoperate late80 stoearly90 s TaxonomyofInternationalSupplyChains Internationaldistribution製造在本國 配銷與相關行銷活動在海外 Internationalsuppliers原料及零件的供應來自國外供應商 最後的裝配在本國進行 Offshoremanufacturing產品在同一地區搜源與製造 最後運回國內的倉庫銷售及配銷 Fullyintegratedglobalsupplychain Forc
3、esDrivingGlobalization Dornieretc GlobalMarketForcesTechnologicalForcesGlobalCostForcesPoliticalandEconomicForces Peoplehave allbecomeglobalcitizens andsomustthecompaniesthatwanttosellusthings KenichiOhmae GlobalMarketForces Foreigncompetitioninlocalmarkets為了成功防衛本國市場 公司會發現必須要進入國外市場 Acer為歐洲NB第一品牌 Gro
4、wthinforeigndemandGlobalpresenceasadefensivetoolNestle sandKellogg sPresenceinstate of the artmarketsJapan consumerelectronicsGermany machinetoolsUS software TechnologicalForces DiffusionofknowledgeManyhightechcomponentsdevelopedoverseasNeedcloserelationshipswithforeignsuppliersTechnologysharing col
5、laborationsAccesstotechnology marketsGloballocationofR DfacilitiesClosetoproduction ascyclesgetshorter Closetoexpertise Indianprogrammers GlobalCostForces LowlaborcostDiminishingimportance Costsunderestimated benefitsoverestimated OthercostprioritiesIntegratedsupplierinfrastructure assuppliersbecome
6、moreinvolvedindesign SkilledlaborCapitalintensivefacilitiestaxbreaksjointventurespricebreakscostsharing PoliticalandEconomicForces1 ExchangeratefluctuationsandoperatingflexibilityRegionaltradeagreements Europe NorthAmerica PacificRim ValueofbeinginacountryinoneoftheseregionsImplicationsforsupplynetw
7、orkdesignReevaluationofforeignfacilities Productionprocessesdesignedtoavoidtariffs PoliticalandEconomicForces2 TradeprotectionmechanismsTariffs全球最超值的汽車 MiniCooper 在台灣只能算有點超值 QuotasVoluntaryexportrestrictionsJapaneseautomakersinUSLocalcontentrequirementsTI IntelfactoriesinEuropeJapaneseautomakersinth
8、eEUGovernmentprocurementpoliciesUpto50 advantageforAmericancompaniesonUSDefensecontracts Risksofinternationalsupplychains ExchangeRatesOperatingExposureForeigncompaniescanenterdomesticmarkets ExchangeRates 匯率的波動會改變產品在某一特定國家中生產的相對價值 OperatingExposureResultoftranslatingforeignfinancialstatementsintoth
9、ecurrencyoftheparentcompanyFinancialinstrumentsusedtohedgethese OperatingExposure Changesafirm scompetitivepositionandfuturecashflowsIntheshortrun changesincurrencyratesdon tnecessarilyreflectchangesininflationratesRegionaloperationsbecomerelativelymoreorlessexpensive 案例 歐洲進口之商品年年調漲 vs 美國進口商品 價格差異不大
10、 EffectFactorsofOperatingExposure Dornieretal CustomerreactionsCompetitorreactionsmarketshareprofitSupplierreactionsGovernmentreaction 問題討論 minicooper2000年售價 92萬 2008年售價 136萬 義大利進口磨豆機2000年售價 20000 2008年售價 23100NB鍵盤5月漲價10 15 OperationalStrategiesToAddressTheseRisks BruceKogut SpeculativeStrategyBeton
11、asinglescenarioJapaneseautomanufacturinginJapanHedgedStrategyLossesinoneareaoffsetbygainsinanotherVWinUS Brazil Mexico Germany China FlexibleStrategy FlexibilityStrategies FlexibilitytotakeadvantagesofoperationalexposureRequiresaflexiblesupplychainmultiplesuppliersflexiblefacilitiesexcesscapacityvar
12、iousdistributionchannels ProblemofFlexibilityStrategies Canbeexpensivetoimplement coordinationmechanismscapitalinvestmentslossofeconomiesofscale ApproachestoImplementFlexibleStrategieseffectively Production sourcingshiftsInformationsharingglobalcoordinationpoliticalleverage globalcoordination 案例 當Mi
13、chelin計畫進入北美市場時 Goodyear在歐洲調降其輪胎售價 此行動迫使Michelin減緩其海外投資計畫 Requirementsforglobalstrategyimplementation fivebasicfunctionsoffirms1 產品開發Designproductsthatcanbemodifiedeasilyformajormarkets 例如 可負載110 240V電壓的電熱爐 採購EnsurethatthequalityanddeliveryoptionsfromvarioussuppliersarecompatibleComparethepricingofv
14、arioussuppliersSufficientsuppliersindifferentregionsareathand Requirementsforglobalstrategyimplementation fivebasicfunctionsoffirms2 生產Excesscapacityandplantsinseveralregions shiftingproductionEffectivecommunicationssystemsCentralizedmanagement centralizedinformation Requirementsforglobalstrategyimp
15、lementation fivebasicfunctionsoffirms3 需求管理Projecteddemandandavailableproduct MarketingandsalesplansInformationisbestsuppliedbyanalystslocatedineachregionCommunication案例 亞洲獨賣的龍筆 訂單履行Centralizedsystem Althoughworldmarketsarebecomingmoreopenallthetime theworldisfarfrombecomingagiantfreetradezone Issue
16、sInGlobalSCM1 Regionalvs InternationalProducts具區域特性的產品 有些產品必須針對某些地區做一些特殊的設計及製造 例如 汽車的設計通常是具區域特性的 利用共同的零件不同的設計來組裝真正的全球性產品 這些產品是真正全球性的 意即是不須為了全球的銷售而做任何的修正 Carsvs Coca cola Thetrapofpleasingnoonewellbypleasingeveryonehalfway IssuesInGlobalSCM2 LocalAutonomyvs CentralControlExchangeratefluctuationsHardertoadministeroffshorefacilitiesCheaplabormaymaskthetreatofreducedproductivity IssuesInGlobalSCM3 ExpensivetrainingmayberequiredCollaboratorsbecomecompetitorsChinaToshibacopiers HitachimicroprocessorsF
