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1、英语语法资料 主要句式http:/www.DearEDU.com(一) 知识概要初中所学的句型一般要分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。陈述句中有肯定句与否定句之分。其中可以分为以下五种: 主语+不及物动词。如:I arrived at six last night. 主语+及物动词+宾语,如:I bought a good EnglishChinese Dictionary yesterday. 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语,如:Please tell me a story before I go to bed. 这样可加双宾语的句子有buy,tell, give, ask, pass
2、, teach. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语,如:I found it impossible to do it. Please keep the classroom clean and tidy. 主语+系动词+表语,如:Tom is an American boy. The grass turned green in spring.在初中常见的句型中有There be句型,表示存在某种事物,如:There is a map on the wall其be动词的形式要与其后面相近的那个名词相一致。要注意的是这种句型加入助动词后,也要保持be动词,不要换用have,如:There is go
3、ing to be a meeting tomorrow.在句子结构中要注意主谓一致的问题,即句子的主语与谓语动词要相呼应。要注意的有如下几点: 用and连接两个主语时一般应视为复数,但如一人身兼两职时则要用单数谓语动词形式,如:A singer and dancer is coming to our party. a singer and dancer 既歌唱又可舞的演员。而 a singer and a dancer 则要译为:一位歌唱家和一位舞蹈家。有些以 s 结尾的名词谓语动词要用单数,如: The news is good (news 为不可数名词)。 有量词时应按量词的数量计算;如
4、: This pair of glasses is good My glasses are broken. 有些形单却意为复数的名词,如: People are coming here 这样的词还有 Police, 如果要讲一个警察时,应讲 a policeman。 两个警察为 two policemen。 又如 a policewoman, two policewomen 所有不定代词 each, either, neither, one, the other, nobody, nothing, anyone, anything, someone, something 要作为单数如: Som
5、eone is waiting for you在并列句中表示联合关系的连词有: and not only but also,neither nor,either or 如: My sister and my parents are going to the cinema。 表示转折关系的并列连词有: but 和 yet, 如: She is a good student, but she didnt pass the final exam. 又如: I think the news is strange, yet it is true 表示选择关系的连词有:or, either or,如: H
6、urry up, or you will be late for school 表示因果关系的并列连词有: for, so 如: They studied very hard, so they all passed the exam在初中范围复合句中主要有状语从句和宾语从句(名词性从句)两种,而定语从句(形容词性从句)要在高中讲述,为了使同学阅读文章方便,我们将在下面另一章予以介绍。我们首先来看宾语从句。在及物动词的后面可以接一个名词来充当宾语,如: I knew the man, 而这时也可以用一个句子来充当宾语,如: I knew that he was a good man 这时宾语从句
7、的连接词有 that, (that 只在从句中起联接作用,不在句中充当语法成分,既不是主语也不是宾语,所以在口语中常常被省略。如: I am sure (that) she has passed the exam if, whether 它们在宾语从句中只起连接作用,不起语法作用,当作是否讲。从句中有 or not 结构时,要用 whether, 如: I ask him if (whether) he has had his lunch I asks him whether he has had his lunch or not what 它在宾语从句中除了作连接词外,还要作主语或宾语成份,
8、如: I dont understand what you said (what 作 said 的宾语)。又如: I asked him what made him sick (what 在宾语从句中作主语)。who,它也和what一样,在句中除作连接词外,可以充当句中的成份,如:I know who she is looking for? whose 如: I want to know whose book this is? which 如: Do you know which book is mine?在连接词中还有4个常用的连接副词,how 它的应用最广,如: how much, how
9、 many, how long, how soon, how old 。如: How much does it cost? when 它只是连接时间状语,如: Please tell me when the meeting will begin? where 它连接地点状语,如: Where are you from? why 它要连接的是原因状语从句,如: The teacher asked why Tom didnt come to school. 在考试中常见到的考点是:宾语从句的时态与主句时态的呼应问题。主句谓语动词如果是现在时或将来时,宾语从句的时态可以是任何所需要的时态, 如: I
10、 know he didnt come. 我知道他没来。 I know he will come tomorrow 我知道他明天来。I know he has gone to London 我知道他已去伦敦了。主句中的谓语动词若是过去时,宾语从句也要用过去时态中的某一种。比如: 一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时,过去完成时。除了在表达宇宙中的客观真理时,不能用现在时态。如: I wanted to know when he would come The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun状语从句主要有时间状语从句,其连接词有:afte
11、r, before, when, as, as soon as, until (till), while, since, by其中较难掌握的有以下几点:until (till) 直到,在用 until 表达时间状语的句子中,主句中的动词是要十分小心去选择。如动词是持续性动词,它要用肯定句,如: I studied hard until 12 oclock last night. 如果动词是瞬间截止性动词,则要用否定句,如: He didnt go to bed until his mother came back 由since, for, by, before 来引导的时间状语从句。 sinc
12、e 引导的时间状语是动作的开始时间,如: I have studied English since 而由 by 引导的时间状语通常是动作的结束时间,如: I had learned 25 English songs by the end of last term 而before 则多用于完成时, ago 则多用于一般过去时,如: He had finished his work before twelve yesterday I left my hometown two years ago 在状语从句中用一般现在时或一般过去时表示将来。它们可能是主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时,如: If
13、it rains, they wont go to the parkon Sunday 也可以主句是一般过去时,从句用一般过去进行时,如: He said if it rained the next day he would not go to the park 考试中常见的考点有:要学生区别是条件、时间状语从句还是宾语从句,因在宾语从句中该用什么时态用什么时态,如: I want to know if he will come here tomorrow 在宾语从句中的条件状语从句与主句的关系,如: I want to know if it rains he will come here t
14、omorrow在原因状语从句中主要是because, 应译为因为。它表达的因果关系最强,如: He didnt pass the exam because he didnt study hard since 应译为既然,如: Since you were ill yesterday I left some notes on your desk as 应译为由于,如: As it is too hot wed better go swimming since 与 as 所表达的因果关系远比 because 弱得多。而 for 表达的因果关系最弱。它不能用于句首,如: He studies har
15、d, for he wants to go to college在比较状语从句中有同级比较 as as, 如: This book is as good as that one 要注意的有两点:as as 中间要用原级而不是比较级。用形容词还是副词,如: Mary writes as carefully as Tom 而其否定句为 not as (so) as, 如: They didnt work so hard as we did, 而不同级比较用比较级加 than, 如: He is younger than I am 要注意的是表示越来越这一概念时有两个句型:比较级and比较级,如:
16、The days are getting longer and longer The little girl is becoming more and more beautiful 定冠词 the 比较级 the 比较级,如: The harder you study, the more you can learn方式状语中要注意的是as (连词)与 like (介词)的区别。 as 作为连词其后接从句,如: Please do it as I did it 但后面的句子常作省略,如: Please do it as I 而 like 是介词,其后要接的是宾语,如: Please do it like me结果和目的状语从句主要有 so