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1、课时17 阅读理解体裁解读4 科普小品文.体裁解读科普小品文科学技术是人类进步发展的重要动力，阅读科学技术文献有助于我们学习了解把握科技知识信息，学会展开科技活动。科技篇章的语言通常都是比较正式，偶尔会有写给青少年的科普作品，会用比较轻快简洁浅显生动的语言。在科技篇章中，由于科学的严谨性，语句通常都比较严谨，表述直接明确，与其他类型篇章相比，被动语态、非谓语动词形式、形式主语结构使用相对较多，动词时态变化、比喻夸张等修辞形式使用相对较少，有时会有很多专业词语和语句形式，有些常用词可能用于表达专业意义。科技篇章结构比较清楚，层次分明，语句段落逻辑关联强而且明确，限定性修饰比较多。对科技篇章，同学
2、们首先应该理解篇章的语词、语句，有些语词，特别是一些科技专业术语，可能涉及我们对篇章的关键内容的理解。科技篇章中的词语、语句理解是科技篇章理解的重要因素，有时甚至是关键因素。科技篇章的推论理解要素大多不太直接， 同学们可以从科技篇章中推论出：作者对科学精神和科学技术的作用功能的肯定赞同(偶尔会有反科学的所谓科技文章，但很少，考生几乎不可能在阅读英语材料时阅读到)，作者对某一/某些科学观点/科学方法的肯定赞同支持，作者对科学家的肯定支持，作者对科学实验结论/结果的肯定支持等。【体裁演练】(2015湖北高考)The oddness of life in space never quite goes
3、 away.Here are some examples.First consider something as simple as sleep.Its position presents its own challenges.The main question is whether you want your arms inside or outside the sleeping bag.If you leave your arm out，they float free in zero gravity，often giving a sleeping astronaut the look of
4、 a funny ballet(芭蕾) dancer.“Im an inside guy，” Mike Hopkins says，who returned from a sixmonth tour on the International Space Station.“I like to be wrapped up.”On the station，the ordinary becomes strange.The exercise bike for the American astronauts has no handlebars.It also has no seat.With no grav
5、ity，its just as easy to pedal violently.You can watch a movie while you pedal by floating a microcomputer anywhere you want.But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long.Without gravity to help circulate air，the carbon dioxide you exhale(呼气) has a tendency to form an i
6、nvisible(隐形的) cloud around your head.You can end up with what astronauts call a carbondioxide headache.Leroy Chiao，54，an American retired astronaut after four flights，describes what happens even before you float out of your seat.“Your inner ear thinks youre falling.Meanwhile your eyes are telling yo
7、u youre standing straight.That can be annoyingthats why some people feel sick.” Within a couple of daystruly terrible days for someastronauts brains learn to ignore the panicky signals from the inner ear，and space sickness disappears.Space travel can be so delightful but at the same time invisibly d
8、angerous.For instance，astronauts lose bone mass.Thats why exercise is considered so vital that National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) puts it right on the workday schedule.The focus on fitness is as much about science and the future as it is about keeping any individual astronaut healt
9、hy.NASA is worried about two things: recovery time once astronauts return home，and，more importantly，how to maintain strength and fitness for the two and a half years or more that it would take to make a roundtrip to Mars.1What is the major challenge to astronauts when they sleep in space?ADeciding o
10、n a proper sleep position.BChoosing a comfortable sleeping bag.CSeeking a way to fall asleep quickly.DFinding a right time to go to sleep.2The astronauts will suffer from a carbondioxide headache when _Athey circle around on their bikesBthey use microcomputers without a stopCthey exercise in one pla
11、ce for a long timeDthey watch a movie while pedaling3Some astronauts feel sick on the station during the first few days because _Atheir senses stop workingBthey have to stand up straight Cthey float out of their seats unexpectedlyDtheir brains receive contradictory messages4One of NASAs major concer
12、ns about astronauts is _Ahow much exercise they do on the stationBhow they can remain healthy for long in spaceCwhether they can recover after returning home Dwhether they are able to go back to the station .能力提升演练AWelcome to the world of multitakinga place where the measure of a person is how many
13、jobs they can perform at the same time. In fact, if experts are to be believed, multitasking is a disastrous idea.One of the opponents of multitasking is Dr. Clifford Nass, a professor at Stanford University. “People who multitask frequently are less able to pay attention; theyre worse at managing t
14、heir memory，” he said. In his opinion, the loss that we get with multitasking is harmless in some situations, for example, part of doing business in the digital world; but you cant do serious work like writing，thinking or solving an important problem this way. You do worse even as you think youre do
15、ing better. All the time the research points to a simple fact: the brain cannot cope. When you stop midway through composing a report to check an email, you force your brain to stop and regroup. It is like pressing the pause button during a movie, meaning the film takes longer to watch.And as for Dr
16、. Nass, the problems extend beyond the brain. Young people who frequently multitask are not as socially and emotionally，healthy as those who dont. They just feel more emotionally satisfied and the feeling is so good and they are bound to desire it again. Todd Oppenheimer, a writer said, “Weve become a very shortterm society and dont reward people for tak
