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1、中南财经政法大学 硕士学位论文 霍克海默工具理性批判理论研究 姓名：刘晶晶 申请学位级别：硕士 专业：马克思主义哲学 指导教师：陈食霖 20100523 1 摘 要 摘 要 工具理性推动了科学技术的发展，对人类社会生产、生活产生了极其重要 的影响，但文明的现代化和物质的丰富却未能掩盖它对人类的奴役和腐蚀，由 此引发思想家们对工具理性问题的各种反思。霍克海默在叔本华悲观主义和卢 梭等人浪漫主义思潮的影响下，吸收了韦伯的“合理性”思想，承继了马克思 “异化”理论的批判精神与卢卡奇“物化”理论的批判主题，形成了自己以发 达工业社会为背景的独特的工具理性批判。 通过与“传统理论”的对比，霍克海默阐明了
2、自己“批判理论”的特色， 为他的整个社会批判理论制定了基本纲领。进而，以对人的研究为落脚点，以 人和自然的关系为主线，通过对启蒙精神的历史透视，他深刻地剖析了那个本 想征服自然并将理性从神话的禁锢下解放出来的“启蒙精神” ，由于自身的内在 逻辑走向了自己的反面，走向了自我毁灭的悲剧。他明确地将理性区分为客观 理性和主观理性，详细阐述了客观理性主观化并沦为工具理性的过程，并对其 展开了批判。他认为，工具理性作为技术合理性，一方面推动了科技进步和工 业文明的发展；但另一方面又成为统治合理性，不仅导致人与自然之间关系的 恶化，而且导致人与人之间关系的异化，甚至导致人本身的物化。工具理性的 过度膨胀引
3、发极权主义统治，造成个性的压抑和人性的丧失，从而形成了工具 理性的霸权，使人间变成了地狱。 霍克海默对工具理性的批判揭开了资本主义批判史上的新篇章，他的理论 特色在一定意义上也体现了法兰克福学派的理论特色，其思想对法兰克福学派 其他成员及后来的许多学者都产生了深远的影响。当然他的工具理性批判理论 在存在着合理因素的同时，不可避免地有一些缺陷和不足。他片面地否定了工 具理性，错误地把科学技术当作异化之源，忽视了对资本主义制度本身的批判， 他也没有提出切实可行的解决方案。我们应该用马克思主义的观点对其进行公 正合理的评价，正确看待工具理性，努力避免科学技术不合理发展所带来的各 种问题，积极吸取西方
4、国家的经验教训，从而促进我国社会主义现代化建设的 顺利发展。 关键词： 关键词：霍克海默；工具理性；批判理论；启蒙辩证法 I Abstract Instrumental rationality promoted the development of science and technology, and it was very important to the humans production and social life, but the modernization of civilization and material abundance can not cover up its s
5、lavery and corrosion to the human beings, therefore, various reflection on the questions of instrumental rationality has arisen. Under the influence of Schopenhauers pessimism and Rousseaus and others Romanticism, Horkheimer absorbed Webers rational thinking, inherited the critical spirit of Marxs a
6、lienation theory and the critical theme of Lukacs materialization theory, and created his own peculiar instrumental rationality criticism theory with the background of the well-developed industrial society. In contrast with the traditional theory, Horkheimer clarified the features of his own critica
7、l theory, drew up a basic program for his whole social critical theory. Furthermore, in order to study human beings as the purpose, by the main line of the relationship between man and nature, he analyzed the tragedy profoundly that the enlightenment spirit who wanted to conquer the nature and liber
8、ated the rationality from the myth to free, because of its own internal logic, walked to the opposite direction towards self-destruction, through the historical perspective of the spirit of the Enlightenment. He made a distinction clearly between objective rationality and subjective rationality from
9、 reason, elaborated the process in detail on the intersubjectification of the objective rationality and became instrumental rationality finally, and began to expand the critique. In his view, instrumental rationality as the technical rationality, on one hand, promoted the progress of science and tec
10、hnology, and made the development of industrial civilization; on the other hand, when it has become the reasonable rule, not only the relationship between man and nature has been led to the deterioration, but the relationship between people and people has been led to the alienation, even the humanit
11、y itself has been led to the materialization. The excessive expansion of instrumental rationality triggered the totalitarian rule, leading to the repression of individuality and humanity lost, thus, formed the hegemony of the instrumental rationality, made the room into hell. Horkheimers critical th
12、eory of the instrumental rationality has opened a new chapter in the history of criticism of capitalism, its characteristics has also constituted the characteristics of the theory of the Frankfurt School in a certain sense, the theory have had a profound impact to the other members of the Frankfurt
13、School II and many later scholars. Of course, while the critical theory of instrumental rationality contains the rational factors, there are some defects and shortcomings inevitably. He one-sided negatived the instrumental rationality, wrongly thought the science and technology as the source of alie
14、nation ignoring the criticism of the capitalist system itself, and he did not put forward practical solutions. We should evaluate it fairly and reasonably using the point of view of Marxist, treat the instrumental rationality correctly, try our best to avoid the various issues that arising from the
15、unreasonable development of science and technology, and learn actively from the lessons of the West, only in this way, we will bocome capable of promoting the building of Chinese socialist modernization developing more and more smoothly. Key word：Horkheimer；Instrumental Rationality；Critical Theory；D
16、ialectics of Enlightenment 中南财经政法大学学位论文独创性声明和使用授权声明中南财经政法大学学位论文独创性声明和使用授权声明 学位论文独创性声明学位论文独创性声明 本人所呈交的学位论文，是在导师的指导下，独立进行研究所取得的成果。 除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰 写的作品。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中标明。 本声明的法律后果由本人承担。 论文作者（签名） ： 年 月 日 学位论文使用授权声明学位论文使用授权声明 本人完全了解中南财经政法大学关于收集、保存、使用学位论文的规定。 本人愿意按照学校要求提交学位论文的印刷本和电子版，同意学校保存学 位论文的印刷本和电子版，或采用影印、缩印、数字化或其它复制手段保存论 文；同意学校在不以营利为目的的前提下，建立目录检索与阅览服务系统，公 布论文的部分或全部内容，允许他人依法合理使用。 （保密论文在解密后遵守此规定） 论文作者（签名） ： 年 月 日 1 导导 论论 一、霍克海默的思想历程 一、霍克海默的思想历
