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1、语法讲义 一：时态一：时态：所谓的“时态时态“，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1主动形式 2被动形式 CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。 时间状语从句当中的时态： 一般过去时所有的过去 用一般现在时表示现在和将来 现在完成时现在完成和将来完成 一一非谓语动词非谓语动词 一不定式：一不定式： 一）不定式的常考形式：一）不定式的常考形式： 1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式: He preferred to be assigne
2、d some heavier work to do. 语法功能：语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生表示与谓语动词同步发生 2) 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. 被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 二）不定式常考的考点：二）不定式常考的考点： 1）不定式做定语）不定式做定语-将要发生将要发生 2）不定式做状语）不定式做状语-目的目的 过去现在将来过去将来 一般diddowill/shall
3、 doshould/would do 进行was/were doingam/is/are doingwill/shall be doing/ 完成had donehave/has donewill/shall have done should/would have done 用于 虚拟语气 完成进行had been doinghave/has been doing / 过去现在将来过去将来 一般was/were givenam/is/are givenwill/shall be givenshould/would be given 进行was/were being given am/is/ar
4、e being given / 完成had been givenhave/has been given will/shall have been given should/would have been given 完成进行/ 3）不定式充当名词功能）不定式充当名词功能-To see is to believe. 三三)不定式的省略不定式的省略 1)感官动词感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do表示动作的完整性，真实性； + doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 I
5、saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调“我看见了“这个事实) I saw him working in the garden yesterday. 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调“我见他正干活“这个动作） 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. 2) 使役动词使役动词have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同等词后不定式要省略但同 1)一样被动以后要还原一样被动以后要还原 to I d like to have John do
6、 it. I have my package weighed. Paul doesnt have to be made to learn. 3) helphelp sb dohelp sb to dohelp do help to do 四四)有些动词后只跟不定式如：有些动词后只跟不定式如： want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb t
7、o do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do beambitious to do. begin to do . start to do 五五) 有的时候有的时候 to 后面要接后面要接-ing 形式形式 accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort t
8、o; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to. 三、三、need/want 后的后的-ing 形式具有被动的意思。其中，形式具有被动的意思。其中，want 不太常用。不太常用。 He needs (a lot of) encouraging. 二二. 动名词：动名词： 具有动作性特征的名词具有动作性特征的名词 1)是名词seeing is believi
9、ng 2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语starving troops is necessary. 一一)动名词的形式动名词的形式: 一般形式：I dont like you smoking. 完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice. 被动形式：This question is far from being settled. 二二) 动名词常考的点动名词常考的点 1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数动名词做主语谓语动词为单数 2)在动名词和不定式中在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词做为介词的宾语是动名词 3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词动名词的否定直
10、接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语. I would appreciate_ back this afternoon Ayou to call Byou call Cyou calling Dyoure calling（Key：C your calling 也对） I regret not having taken your advice. 4)有些词后只能接动名词有些词后只能接动名词 admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; d
11、eny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; cant help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest
12、; understand. 另外还有一些接-ing 形式的常用说法： its no good; its no/little/hardly any/ use; its not/hardly/scarcely use; its worthwhile; spend money/time; theres no; theres no point in; theres nothing worse than; whats the use/point. 5 有些词后加不定式和动名词均可有些词后加不定式和动名词均可 remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean
13、后面用不定式和后面用不定式和-ing 形式，意义截然不形式，意义截然不 容。容。 I remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来的动作) I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作) forgot 与 remember 的用法类似。 I regret to inform you that我很遗憾地通知你 I regretted having left the firm after twenty years.为了“二十年前的离开“而遗憾。 try to努力You really must
14、try to overcome your shyness. try ing试验Try practicing five hours a day. I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 打算、想我想去，但我父亲不让我 去。 To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 意味着赠加工资意味着增加购买力。 prefer 的用法： 我宁愿在这里等。 I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。） I prefer waiting here.（我正在这里
15、等，我就喜欢这么做。） I prefer swimming to cycling. （这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。） 3 分词：分词： 现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态 现在分词的形式: 1)一般式:Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）?(与谓语动词同步发生与谓语动词同步发生) 2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前发生谓语动词之前) 3)完成被动形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.(
16、 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动发生谓语动词之前且表示被动) 过去分词 1) 过去分词表示被动：Fight no battle unprepared. 2)过去分词的进行形式：Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做强调正在被做) 这三种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合结构，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们 之间的一致关系主动还是被动，往往就是考点。独立主格结构中，要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之 间的主动被动的关系。 二二：虚拟三：虚拟语气：虚拟三：虚拟语气 情态动词所表达的可能性程度：must/cant should/shouldnt might/may (not) 另外两个“类情态词的形式：“need/neednt; have to/dont have to 最自然的虚拟状态：由 should/would+原型时态（不含时间只含状态） 本质上是过去将来时：即，时间固定
