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1、2,Airline Transition Course,ATP Chapter 5 Aerodynamics and Flight Characteristics,3,First of all - what is aero? What is aeronautics? What is the difference between aircraft & airplane? What is are the four forces? What is stability? Multiengine Aerodynamics Takeoff Factors High Altitude Flight High
2、 Speed Flight Flight Controls,4,First of all - what is aero? “Aero“ is a Greek prefix signifying air. Air is made up of a mixture of gasses, and thus is itself a gas. Air is referred to as a fluid. For instance, air obeys the laws of fluid dynamics. The technical definition of a fluid states that a
3、fluid is any substance that flows. Obviously water flows, but so does air and so do powders! So, technically speaking, air and powders are fluids. Most important to our study of aeronautics is the fact that air obeys the physical laws of fluids.,5,What is aeronautics? Aeronautics is typically define
4、d as the art or science of flight, or the science of operating aircraft. This includes a branch of aeronautics called aerodynamics. Aerodynamics deals with the motion of air and the way it interacts with objects in motion, such as an aircraft. Both of these branches are a part of the tree of physica
5、l science. Aviation, however, refers to the operation of heavier-than-air craft.,6,How did aeronautics begin? The theoretical basis for these branches stems from the work of Sir Isaac Newton in the 1600s. Newton developed laws that defined the effects of forces acting on objects in motion or at rest
6、. He also developed the concept of viscosity, or fluid friction, which is the resistance of air or any other fluid to flow. Daniel Bernoulli, in the 1700s, developed the principle that the speed of a fluid is directly related to pressure. That is, the faster the flow of a fluid, the lower the pressu
7、re that is exerted on the surface it is flowing over.,7,What is an airplane? What is the difference between aircraft and airplane? Aircraft is the more general term, and refers to any heavier-than-air craft that is supported by its own buoyancy or by the action of air on its structures. Airplane is
8、a heavier-than-air craft that is propelled by an engine and uses fixed aerodynamic surfaces (i.e. wings) to generate lift. So, every airplane is an aircraft, but not every aircraft is an airplane!,8,Gliders are aircraft that are not airplanes. The Space Shuttle is definitely an aircraft, but it is n
9、ot an airplane. It does not carry engines for propulsion. Helicopters are also aircraft that are not airplanes because their aerodynamic surfaces are not fixed - they rotate.,9,The Forces of Aeronautics,10,The Work of Wings,11,Unbalanced Forces,12,Lift Weight Thrust Drag,T O P I C S,13,Lift,Lift cou
10、nters weight It always acts perpendicular to the flight path Principle of flight is based on the production of lift Balanced lift and weight allows an aircraft to remain in level flight. Any imbalance causes the aircraft to climb or descend On an airplane lift is generated by the wings,14,Angle Of A
11、ttack,15,Planform Wing Area,Planform Area can be changed through the use of Slats and Flaps Most turbine aircraft are equipped with both slats and flaps With Slats/Flaps extended greater lift can be produced at lower approach speeds.,16,Question,What true airspeed and angle of attack should be used
12、to generate the same amount of lift as altitude is increased? The same true airspeed and angle of attack. A higher true airspeed for any given angle of attack. A lower true airspeed and higher angle of attack.,17,Answer,What true airspeed and angle of attack should be used to generate the same amoun
13、t of lift as altitude is increased? B. A higher true airspeed for any given angle of attack.,18,Weight,A downward forces that always acts toward the center of the earth. In order to achieve flight the force of weight must be countered. This is achieved by the production of lift. If weight is greater
14、 than lift the aircraft will descend.,19,Control of Weight,All objects in the universe exert an attractive force on each other that is called gravity. The magnitude of this force is dependent on the mass of the object. In our day-to-day lives this attractive force is recognizable only for objects wi
15、th enormous mass, such as the Earth. Gravity is the word we use to define the attractive force specifically between the Earth and all the objects that are within its influence. Included in a list of these objects would be people, aircraft - even the moon!,20,The Earths gravitational pull weakens as
16、objects move farther away from it. Thus we say that objects that are far from the Earth “weigh less“ than when they are on the Earth. For objects “on“ and “close“ to the Earth (we will assume that airplanes fly at altitudes “close“ to the Earth) the weight of an object can be considered constant. Weight is the force that measures the effects of gravity.,21,Thrust,Thrust is developed by an aircrafts power plant Thrust must counter the force of drag on an aircraft Balanced thrust and drag
