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1、Translation,反译法,有些句子英语是从正面说的，汉语需要从反面来表达才更符合我们的习惯。 否定译成肯定 英语中双重否定如果译成汉语双重否定就会不通顺，在这种情况下，我们需要将它译成肯定句。 例1：He never visited us but he brought us some gifts. 他每次来拜访我们都会带礼物。 例2：There is no rule that has no exception. 只要有规则，就有例外。 例3：Ice is not as dense as water and it therefore floats. 冰的密度比水小，因此能浮在水面上。,肯定
2、译成否定 例1: Bicycles offer the perfect eco_friendly method of traveling around the vast and beautiful and flat countryside that surrounds Cambridge. 骑自行车在剑桥大学周围的宽广、美丽而又平坦的乡村旅行，是不会对环境造成危害的理想旅游方式。 例2: We should stop treating the sea as a dump for human and industrial effluent（污水）. 参考译文: 我们不应当再把海洋当成人类生活污水
3、和工业污水的垃圾场了。,被动语态,1.被动仍翻成被动：常用“被”, “给”, “遭”, “挨”, “为所”, “使”, “由”, “受到”等表示。例如: 例1. Early fires on the earth were certainly caused by nature, not by Man. 地球上早期的火肯定是由大自然而不是人类引燃的。 例2. The behaviour of a fluid flowing through a pipe is affected by a number of factors, including the viscosity of the fluid
4、and the speed at which it is pumped. 流体在管道中流动的情况,受到诸如流体粘度、泵送速度等各种因素的影响。,2.英语被动翻成汉语主动。 例1：This city was built many years ago and it is now inhabited by none. 这座城市是许多年前建成的，而现在无人居住。 3.借助译成是.的，由.的等汉语表语结构。如： 例1：The movement to oppose racial discrimination was personally initiated and led by a famous Negr
5、o leader. 这场反对种族歧视的运动是由一位著名的黑人领袖亲自发动和领导的。,4.英语原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语。在采用此方法时,我们往往在译文中使用了“加以”, “经过”, “用来”等词来体现原文中的被动含义。例如: 例1. Other questions will be discussed briefly. 其它问题将简单地加以讨论。 例2. In other words mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted by digging, boring holes, artificial explosi
6、ons, or similar operations which make them available to us. 换言之,矿物就是存在于地球上,但须经过挖掘、钻孔、人工爆破或类似作业才能获得的物质。 例3. Nuclear powers danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation. 核能对健康、安全,甚至对生命本身构成的危险可以用一个词 - 辐射来概括。,5.将英语原文中的主语翻译为宾语,同时增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等)作主语。例如: It is gene
7、rally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality. 人们普遍认为，孩子们的早年经历在很大程度上决定了他们的性格及其未来的人品。,It is asserted that 有人主张 It is believed that 有人认为 It is generally considered that 大家(一般人)认为 It is well known that 大家知道(众所周知) It will be sai
8、d 有人会说 It was told that 有人曾经说,语序调整,一切译文要为汉语服务，不能出现很别扭的译文，这其中意群句子的顺序非常重要。英汉语序不同主要体现在英语的定语和状语既有前置的也有后置的，而汉语中的定语和大部分状语只能前置。 The report suggested the government take the issue of decreasing funds for education seriously. 报告建议政府严肃对待教育经费减少的问题。,顺序法,当英语长句的内容叙述层次与汉语基本一致时，可以按照英语原文表达的层次顺序翻译成汉语，从而使译文与英语原文的顺序基本一
9、致。例如： But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life“, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials. 可是现在人们意识到，其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的，人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年“，也就
10、是说，经过若干年后，这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。,Computers can work through a series of problems and make thousands of logical decisions without becoming tired. 计算机能解决很多问题，做出成千上万个符合逻辑的决定，而不感到疲倦。 From a long_term perspective，Internet shopping is but a low_level aspect of the Net，and it is not likely to become the most
11、 important trend. 从长远来看，网上购物仅仅是低层次的网络化，未必会成为最主要的趋向。 We are taking steps to prevent stream and air pollution. 我们正采取措施防止河流和空气污染。,逆序法,英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同，甚至完全相反，这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前；在英语中，许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。 It therefore becomes more and more important that, if stude
12、nts are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice. 如果学生能充分利用他们（上大学）的机会，这里就必须为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息，作更多的指导。因此这个问题显得越来越重要了。,Every living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior. 每一种生物都有控制自己行为的时钟，科学
13、家们称之为生物钟。 The moon is completely empty of water because the force of gravity on the moon is much less than on the earth. 月球的引力比地球的引力小得多，所以月球上根本没有水。 That energy and mass are equal and interchangeable is known to every student of science. 理科学生人人都懂得能量和质量是相等而且是可以互相转换的,包孕法,所谓包孕是指在把英语长句译成汉语时，把英语后置成分按照汉语的正
14、常语序放在中心词之前，使修饰成分在汉语句中形成前置包孕。但修饰成分不宜过长，否则会形成拖沓或造成汉语句子成分在连接上的纠葛。例如： You are the representative of a country and of a continent to which China feels particularly close. 您是一位来自于使中国倍感亲切的国家和大洲的代表。 What brings us together is that we have common interests which transcend those differences. 使我们走到一起的，是我们有超越这些
15、分歧的共同利益。,合译,He was very clean. His mind was open. 他为人单纯而坦率。 There are men here from all over the country. Many of them are from the South. 从全国各地来的人中有许多是南方人。,分句法,有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切，翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯，把长句的从句或短语转换成句子，分开来叙述。为了使语意连贯，有时需要适当增加词语，也就是采取化整为零的方法将整个英语长句翻译为几个独立的句子，顺序基本不变，前后保持连贯。 Television,
16、 it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programs which are both instructive and entertaining. 人们常说，通过电视可以了解时事，掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。,The research work is being done by a small group of dedicated and imaginative scientists who specialize in extracting from various sea animals substances that may improve the health of the
