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1、第六章 非谓语动词非谓语动词指分词、不定式和动名词。它们在句中不能单独作谓语，不受主语人称和数的限制，可充当除谓语外的各种句子成分。在各类考试中，非谓语动词为语法测试的重中之重。第一节 分词英语中分词包括现在分词和过去分词，其基本形态为v-ing和v-ed。现在分词与过去分词的区别主要表现在语态和时间概念上。在语态上，现在分词（除被动式外）表示主动含义，过去分词表示被动含义。在时间上，现在分词表示动作正在进行。过去分词表示动作已完成。例如：developing countries (发展中国家)/developed countries (发达国家)，the touching tale(动人的传
2、说) the touched audience(受感动的观众)。1现在分词现在分词可在句中作定语及状语。讲解要点（1）作定语1现在分词作定语时多置于它所修饰的名词前。例如： a pressing question （一个紧迫的问题），an embarrassing question （一个令人难堪的问题） 现在分词作定语时也可置于它所修饰的名词之后。例如：There were no soldiers drilling.（没有士兵在训练。） 现在分词短语一般都置于它所修饰的名词之后。例如：a little child learning to walk （学走路的小孩子）（2）作状语讲解要点现在分
3、词及其短语也可作状语，表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。其动作可能发生在谓语动词之前或之后，也可能与谓语动词的动作同时发生。1表示时间。例如：Walking on the street, I met an old classmate of mine.强调与谓语动词的动作同时发生时，现在分词之前可用连词when或while。例如：When seeing those pictures, he couldnt help thinking of his childhood. 表示原因。例如：Being sick, I stayed at home.She caught cold si
4、tting on the grass. 表示条件。例如：Adopting this method, we will solve this problem.Turning to the right, you will see the post office. 表示让步。例如：Admitting what she has said, I still think she hasnt tried her best. 表示结果。例如：His wife died last year, leaving him three children.It rained heavily, causing severe
5、flooding in that country. 表示方式或伴随情况。例如：He ran up to her breathing heavily.Please fill in the form, giving your name, address, etc.例题1) While the sun, the satellite has sent more than four billion bits of information back to earth. (CET 4:1994.1)A. having orbited B. being orbitedC. having been orbite
6、d D. orbiting 选D。现在分词短语作时间状语。同时应该考虑语态问题。 2) the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth. (CET4:1996.6) A. Having believed B. BelievingC. Believed D. Being believed 选B。现在分词短语作状语表示原因。同时应该考虑语态问题。3) Television has become a major instrument of communication, us to
7、 see as well as to hear all kinds of programs.A. to permit B. permittedC. being permitting D. permitting选D。现在分词作条件状语。同时应该考虑语态问题。4) Electrical resistance is a common property of all materials, .A. only differs in degree B. only in degree it differsC. differing only in degree D. and differing in degre
8、e only选C。现在分词短语作让步状语。由于主句与分句之间用逗号隔开，应该判断这是一个句子，答案不应该是A或B，因为它们有另外一个谓语动词。5) Some people are strolling along the lake side, _.A. chatting and to laugh B. to chat and to laughC. chatting and laughing D. chatting and laughed 选C。现在分词在句中做伴随状语。此外，还应该考虑连词前后的平衡结构表达法的问题。2 过去分词过去分词可在句中作定语及状语。（1）作定语讲解要点过去分词可在句中作
9、定语。如果是单词作定语时常置于它所修饰的名词前；如果是短语作定语时常置于它所修饰的词后。例如：Did you pay a visit to the tomb of the unknown soldier?The problems discussed at the conference need to be solved immediately.（2）作状语讲解要点过去分词及其短语也可作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。 表示时间。例如：Heated, the metals expand.Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificen
10、t. 表示原因。例如：Confined to bed, she needed to be waited on in everything.Born and bred in the countryside, he was bewildered by the big city. 表示条件。例如：Compared with him, I still have a long way to go.Given more time, Ill do it better. 表示让步。例如：Considered as a building material, wood is not very strong. 表示
11、方式或伴随。例如：He went back to his home village, frustrated.例题1) Michael used to look hurt and surprised when . (CET 4:1995.1)A. scolding B. to scoldC. having scolded D. scolded 选D。过去分词用在时间状语从句中，因含有被动之意，故选D。 2) The speaker, for her splendid speeches, was warmly received by the audience. (CET 4:1991.6)A. h
12、aving known B. being knownC. knowing D. known选D。过去分词短语用作原因状语，因含有被动之意，故选D。3) That the brain, once oxygen, dies has been proved. A. depriving of B. deprived of C. being deprived D. deprived选B。过去分词短语用在条件状语从句中，因含有被动之意，故选B。C、D之后少了of。4) in ancient times, the book still appeals to readers today. A. Though
13、it written B. Though writtenC. It was written D. Written it was选B。过去分词用在让步状语中，意思是“虽然但是”。Though written=Though it was written。其他选项的形式都不符合语法规则。5) into the hospital, she was asked a few questions by the doctor.A. Being wheeled B. Having wheeledC. Having wheeling D. Wheeling选A。过去分词用作方式或伴随状语。因含有被动之意，故选A。
14、3 分词独立结构讲解要点 （1） 分词独立结构在句中作状语。 当分词短语作状语时，它逻辑上的主语一般须与句子的主语保持一致。如果不一致，分词短语前需带其逻辑主语（名词或代词），构成分词独立结构。它作用同分词短语作状语基本相同，表示伴随的动作或情况，表示时间、原因或条件等。在分词独立结构中，逻辑主语与现在分词为主动关系，与过去分词为被动关系，两者已形成完整概念。因此，不必像分词短语作状语时那样考虑和句子主语的逻辑关系。例句 1) He remained in the hospital for three months, the company paying all his expenses.他在医院住了三个月，所有费用都由公司负担。（补充说明）2) The child rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.这孩子满脸是汗地跑进屋来。（伴随情况）3) The students having done all the exercises, the teacher went on to explain the text.等学生
