国际音标表（IPA）（2015版）CONSONANTS (PULMONIC)© 2015 IPABilabial Labiodental DentalAlveolarPostalveolar Retroflex PalatalVelarUvular Pharyngeal GlottalPlosiveNasalTrillTap or FlapFricativeLateralfricativeApproximantLateralapproximantSymbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC)VOWELSFrontCentralBackClicksVoiced implosivesEjectivesCloseBilabialBilabialExamples:DentalDental/alveolarBilabialClose-mid(Post)alveolarPalatalDental/alveolarPalatoalveolarVelarVelarOpen-midAlveolar lateralUvularAlveolar fricativeOTHER SYMBOLSOpen Voiceless labial-velar fricative Voiced labial-velar approximant Voiced labial-palatal approximant Voiceless epiglottal fricative Voiced epiglottal fricative Epiglottal plosive Alveolo-palatal fricatives Voiced alveolar lateral flap Simultaneous and Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary.Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.SUPRASEGMENTALSPrimary stressSecondary stressLongHalf-longDIACRITICS Some diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. VoicelessBreathy voicedDentalVoicedCreaky voicedApicalAspiratedLinguolabialLaminalMore roundedLabializedNasalizedLess roundedPalatalizedNasal releaseAdvancedVelarizedLateral releaseRetractedPharyngealizedNo audible releaseCentralizedVelarized or pharyngealizedMid-centralizedRaised(= voiced alveolar fricative)SyllabicLowered(= voiced bilabial approximant)Non-syllabicAdvanced Tongue RootRhoticityRetracted Tongue RootExtra-short Minor (foot) groupMajor (intonation) group Syllable break Linking (absence of a break)TONES AND WORD ACCENTSLEVELExtraCONTOURororRisinghighHighFallingMidHighrisingLowLowrisingExtr aRising-lowfallingDownstepGlobal riseUpstepGlobal fall。