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1、Unit one 11Unite 1. Precursors in Management Theory管理理论的先驱们Text A The Origin of Management管理的起源Pre-reading TaskRead the following questions first, which will help you understand the text below better, and then answer the questions after reading the text carefully. 先看看下面的问题，这些问题将有助于你更好地理解后面的课文，仔细地读完课
2、文后再回答这些问题。l. Why did Kenneth Feld consider management as the greatest job on earth? 为什么肯尼斯-费尔德把管理看做地球上最伟大的工作？2. How can work be done most efficiently according to your opinion based on management knowledge? 根据自己的管理知识，你认为怎样工作才能最有效率？3. What is the real meaning of the phrase “management theory jungle”?
3、 术语“管理理论丛林”的真正含义是什么？4. Why is Frederick Winslow Taylor regarded as the Father of Scientific Management? 为什么人们把弗雷德里克-温斯洛-泰勒视作科学管理之父？5. What is the main idea of Taylors famous book, The Principles of Scientific Management? 泰勒著名的科学管理原理一书，主要观点是什么？TEXTDating back to the ancient times, we may discover tha
4、t the basic principles of management had their beginnings in the birth of civilization, when people first began to live in groups and first sought to improve their lot in life. Ever since people began forming groups to accomplish aims they could not achieve as individuals, managing has been essentia
5、l to ensure the coordination of individual efforts. Kenneth Feld, president of Ringling Bro. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, once described management as the greatest job on earth, for one of the most important human activities is managing. 追溯到古代时候，我们可以发现管理的基本原理在文明起源之时就已经开始了（存在了），（在那时）当人们最早开始群体生活，最早寻求改善
6、生活。自从那时起，人们开始组成群体团队来完成个人不能完成的目标，而管理已经成为确保个人努力相互协调的必要手段。肯尼斯-费尔德，一位林林兄弟-巴纳姆-贝利马戏团的老板（董事长），曾经把管理描述为地球上最伟大的工作，因为管理是人类活动中最重要的一种。A.1 Management History 管理历史Throughout history, people have faced great challenges and have set themselves far-reaching goals, and therefore have combined intuition, experience,
7、and trial-and-error methods to meet these challenges and accomplish the goals. The experience and ideas of yesterdays managers form the foundation for todays principles of management. By understanding the challenges they faced and the ideas they used to meet, we may be better able to meet present ch
8、allenges. The learning process is continuous. As the philosopher Soren Kierkegaard wrote, Life can only be understood backwards, but it must be lived for forwards. 贯穿历史，人们一直面对着巨大挑战，还要给自己设定深远的目标，因此需要人们综合运用直觉、经验和反复实验的方式来满足这些挑战和完成这些目标。这些昨日（过去）的管理经验（经历）和管理观念形成了今天管理原理的基础。这个学习过程是连续的，就像丹麦的哲学家（神学家）祁克果（克尔凯戈尔
9、）写的那样，生活仅仅是理解过去，但是生活必须为未来而存在。As Kierkegaards statement suggests, the knowledge that we apply to current problems is derived from the solutions to yesterdays problems and challenges. With the emergence of assembly line techniques, mass production was developed to allow a goal (high output) to be achi
10、eved using less time, money, and labor. It was an innovation that has been applied by countless managers and organizations since then. People who have managed organizations have been concerned with increasing productivity, improving performance, and learning new and better ways to accomplish objecti
11、ves. Management practice and research have been aimed at improving managers ability to perform better in all three areas of responsibility: technical, administrative, and institutional. 就像祁克果的陈述提议那样，我们应用解决现在问题的知识源于过去（昨日）问题和挑战的解决手段及方法。随着（工厂的生产）装配流水线技术的出现，大规模生产得以发展，允许人们用较少的时间、金钱和劳动力来完成一个高产量的目标。自此之后，这种
12、（装配流水线的生产）革命被无数管理者和组织使用。管理企业组织人们已经关心增加生产率、提高业绩和学习新的和更好的完成组织目标的方法。管理实践和研究已经瞄准了在技术、管理和制度等三个责任领域，如何提高改善管理者能力来工作的更好。Historically, the first set of issues dealt with by practitioners and management writers was productivity: how to accomplish tasks or work more rapidly and efficiently. Much of the effort
13、focused on helping managers perform their technical responsibilities. Though modem managers have much more sophisticated tools for production, they all still share the same concern: How can work be done most efficiently? 历史上，管理实践家和管理理论家最早处理的一组管理议题是生产率：怎样更快速更有效第完成任务或工作。人们大量的努力都集中在帮助管理者完成他们技术（专业）上的责任（
14、任务）。事实上，尽管当代管理者有更加复杂老练的生产工具，他们仍然都要参与（关心）同一个的重要的事情：怎样工作才能最有效率？Then the second set of issues laid emphases on how the whole organization, rather than each individual, could become more productive. There are two parallel developments here. Some researchers put stress on improving an organizations perfo
15、rmance by finding more effective ways to divide work among people and units and better ways to coordinate these efforts. That is, they focused on the way the organization itself was structured. Other researchers felt an organizations performance could be improved if its employees were more motivated
16、 to do their work. Thus, researchers tried to determine how feelings and attitudes affected the performance of the work force. Researchers and writers began to study organizational structure and behavioral issues, which were and are particularly important to the managers with administrative responsibilities. 接下来，第二组管理议题将重点放在整个组织怎样变得更多产，而不是个人的事情。这儿有两个平行发展的研究方向。其一，一些研究者强调提高组织绩效，
