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1、Unit 2 The Environment Grammar and usagezxxk精品课件Grammar and usagezxxk精品课件This lesson is boring. There are sleeping students in class. （表语）（表语）（定语）（定语）zxxk精品课件Functions as an adjective: V-ing形式可以同形容词一样置于名词形式可以同形容词一样置于名词 之前修饰名词。之前修饰名词。 有时有时V-ing形式也可用副词修饰。形式也可用副词修饰。 V-ing 形式亦可以同定语从句一样置于形式亦可以同定语从句一样置于 名
2、词之后修饰名词，可以转化成定语从名词之后修饰名词，可以转化成定语从 句。句。 V-ing 形式可以用作表语或宾语的补形式可以用作表语或宾语的补 语。语。zxxk精品课件4. The man who is running in the picture is Liu Xiang.2. The man running inthe picture is Liu Xiang.1. a running man3. The man running fastest got the first place.Attribute:zxxk精品课件小小 结结: V-ing形式作定语可表示动作正在形式作定语可表示动作正
3、在进行（如例进行（如例1、2）或表示和所修饰）或表示和所修饰词之间有逻辑主动关系（如例词之间有逻辑主动关系（如例3）。）。zxxk精品课件小小 结结: 单个单个V-ing词作定语修饰名词一词作定语修饰名词一般置于名词之前（如例般置于名词之前（如例1）；）；V-ing词词组修饰名词则置于名词之后（如例组修饰名词则置于名词之后（如例2、3），此时相当于一个定语从句（如），此时相当于一个定语从句（如例例4）。）。zxxk精品课件Rewrite the following sentences with attributive clauses.The teacher teaching us Englis
4、h is Ms Zhou. =The teacher who is teaching us English is Ms Zhou.zxxk精品课件The people sitting behind us are all teachers.The expert coming from Lishui is a lady called Ms Cai.=The people who are sitting behind us are all teachers.=The expert who comes from Lishui is a lady called Ms Cai.zxxk精品课件Transl
5、ate the following phrases.a reading rooma washing machinean exciting eveningan interesting crosstalk阅览室阅览室洗衣机洗衣机激动人心的夜晚激动人心的夜晚有趣的相声有趣的相声zxxk精品课件a sleeping cara smoking room listening practice an opening speecha booking officerunning water卧铺车卧铺车吸烟室吸烟室听力练习听力练习开幕词开幕词售票处售票处自来水自来水zxxk精品课件 I heard the gir
6、l singing in the classroom. I noticed a long queue outside the bank waiting for it to open.Object Complement: The baby watched his dad shaving his face with great interest. We have the fire burning all day.zxxk精品课件V-ing形式作宾语补足语形式作宾语补足语置于宾语之后，表示一个置于宾语之后，表示一个正在进行的动作（如例正在进行的动作（如例1、2、3），或强调一个过程），或强调一个过程
7、或一种状态。（如例或一种状态。（如例4）小小 结结 ：zxxk精品课件V-ing形式作宾语补足语形式作宾语补足语时，往往同宾语存在逻辑时，往往同宾语存在逻辑主动关系。主动关系。小小 结结 ：zxxk精品课件V-ing形式作宾语补足语的常见动词：形式作宾语补足语的常见动词：make, let, have, keep, leave, see, watch, hear, notice, find, feel 等。等。小小 结结 ：zxxk精品课件1. Sixty million people _ (live) in rural areas are moving to the cities every
8、 year.2. The bottle _ (contain) the poison was sent to the laboratory. PracticelivingcontainingFill in the blanks with the verb given in its proper form.zxxk精品课件3. The man _ (sit) on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.4. The children _ (play) the violin over there will give a performa
9、nce next week.5. Our trip was _ (disappoint). We did not find any unusual plants.sittingplayingdisappointingzxxk精品课件6. I saw them _(force) the door open with a hammer. 7. We heard them _ (quarrel) about money after the concert; they looked very angry.8. I heard him _ (drop) lots of coins into the co
10、llecting tin. forcingquarrelingdroppingzxxk精品课件9. You can see them _ (perform) every night this week at the New Theatre. 10. The news was _(shock). All the three boats had sunk in the storm.performingshockingzxxk精品课件Function as an adverb: 常用于常用于 stand, sit, lie 等动词之后表等动词之后表 示伴随的状态。示伴随的状态。 V-ing词组可以在
11、句中充当时间、原词组可以在句中充当时间、原 因、结果、条件等状语。因、结果、条件等状语。zxxk精品课件1. 作时间状语作时间状语-ing短语作时间状语要置于句首。如：短语作时间状语要置于句首。如：Hearing the bad news, they couldnt help crying. =When they heard the bad news, they couldnt help crying. 当听到这个不幸的消息时，他们情不自当听到这个不幸的消息时，他们情不自禁地哭了起来。禁地哭了起来。zxxk精品课件Having received his letter, I decided to
12、 write back. =After I had received his letter, I decided to write back. 收到他的信后，我决定给他回信。收到他的信后，我决定给他回信。 2. 作原因状语作原因状语-ing短语作原因状语置于句首。如：短语作原因状语置于句首。如：Being so angry, he couldnt go to sleep.zxxk精品课件=Because he was so angry, he couldnt go to sleep. 因为太生气了，他不能入睡。因为太生气了，他不能入睡。 Having been to the Great Wal
13、l many times, he didnt go last week. =Because (As) he had been to the Great Wall many times, he didnt go last week. 因为他已经去过长城许多次，上周他就因为他已经去过长城许多次，上周他就没去。没去。zxxk精品课件3. 作条件状语作条件状语-ing作条件状语置于句首或句末。如：作条件状语置于句首或句末。如：Working hard, you will succeed. =If you work hard, you will succeed. 如果你勤奋一点，你就会成功。如果你勤奋一
14、点，你就会成功。Being given more attention, the trees could have grown better.zxxk精品课件=If they had been given more attention, the trees could have grown better. 如果对这些树再多注意些，如果对这些树再多注意些，它们可能长得更好。它们可能长得更好。4. 作让步状语作让步状语 -ing短语作让步状语，可置于句首或短语作让步状语，可置于句首或 句末，常与句末，常与even if, though 连用。如：连用。如：zxxk精品课件Though working
15、 from morning till night, his father didnt get enough food.=Although his father worked from morning till night, he didnt get enough food. 虽然他父亲从早到晚拼命地干活，但是虽然他父亲从早到晚拼命地干活，但是他还是挣不到足够的吃的。他还是挣不到足够的吃的。zxxk精品课件 5. 作伴随状语作伴随状语置于句首或句末。如：置于句首或句末。如：They came into the classroom, singing and laughing. =They sang
16、 and laughed; they came into the classroom. 他们又唱又笑地走进教室。他们又唱又笑地走进教室。zxxk精品课件When working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.=When he worked in the factory, he was an advanced worker.注意：注意：1. -ing短语与短语与when, while, though, until, if等连词连用时，相当于这些等连词连用时，相当于这些连引导的一个从句。如：连引导的一个从句。如：zxxk精品课件Though w
17、illing to attend the party, he refused the invitation. =Though he was willing to attend the party, he refused the invitation.While staying in Beijing, he came to see me twice.=While he was staying in Beijing, he came to see me twice.zxxk精品课件If playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. =If
18、you play all day, you will waste your valuable time.Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. =Though it was raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.zxxk精品课件2. 动词动词-ing形式在句中作状语时，其逻形式在句中作状语时，其逻辑主语与主句的主语保持一致。如：辑主语与主句的主语保持一致。如： He traveled on the plane like this, keeping the tortoise hidden in
19、a blanket. = When he traveled on the plane like this, he kept the tortoise hidden in a blanket.zxxk精品课件小小 结结: V-ing有其完成式有其完成式having done, 表示分表示分 词动作发生于主句动作之前。词动作发生于主句动作之前。 表示时间状语时常同连词表示时间状语时常同连词when, whenever, while, once, until等连用。等连用。 分词作状语时，其逻辑主语同主句的主分词作状语时，其逻辑主语同主句的主 语一致且有逻辑主动关系，往往可转换语一致且有逻辑主动关系
20、，往往可转换 为为相应的状语从句相应的状语从句。 V-ing形式的否定形式的否定not要置于要置于V-ing之前。之前。zxxk精品课件1. a. Hearing the news, tears ran down her face. b. Hearing the news, she cried out sadly.2. a. Entering the classroom, I found nobody in it. b. Entering the classroom, nobody was found in it.Choose the correct sentence.zxxk精品课件3. a
21、. Looking out through the window, the garden was beautiful. b. Looking out through the window, we saw a beautiful garden.4. a. Reading the evening newspaper, a dog started barking. b. I was reading the evening newspaper when a dog started barking.zxxk精品课件5. a. Being fine, we will have the sports mee
22、ting next week. b. It being fine, we will have the sports meeting next week.-ing形式的否定式为在其前面加形式的否定式为在其前面加not。如：如： He sat there, not knowing what to say.zxxk精品课件1. Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus _ the delay. A. to cause B. causing C. caused D. cause2. One by one Peter sold his bits and pi
23、eces, _ only a mite of their worth. A. getting B. got C. to get D. getExercisezxxk精品课件3. After seeing the movie, _. A. the book was read by him B. the book made him want to read it C. he wanted to read the book D. the reading of the book interested himzxxk精品课件4. The next morning she found the man in
24、 bed, _ dead.A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying5. There was terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light.A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followedzxxk精品课件6. The secretary worked late into the night, _ a long speech for the president.A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was prepar
25、ingzxxk精品课件7. “Cant you read?” Mary said_ to the notice.A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointingzxxk精品课件8. He worked day and night, _ his task ahead of time. A. finished B. finishing C. finish D. to finish9. I was in the bathroom, not _ the knock at the doo
26、r. A. hear B. to hear C. hearing D. heardzxxk精品课件10. _ a reply, he decided to write again. A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not receivedzxxk精品课件11. What worried the boy most was _ to visit his father in the hospital. A. his not allowing B. his not being allowed C. h
27、aving not been allowed D. his being not allowedzxxk精品课件12. They apologized for _ to attend the meeting. A. their not being able B. their being not able C. them not able D. them being able notzxxk精品课件高考链接高考链接1. We all found his argument convincing and interesting. (P28)考点考点 V-ing形式作宾语补足语。形式作宾语补足语。考例考
28、例 A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _ in the kitchen. （NMET 2003）A.smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked.zxxk精品课件点拨点拨 选选B。he 和和smoke是逻辑上的主是逻辑上的主谓关系，所以用谓关系，所以用V-ing形式。该句中的形式。该句中的“he is found”是被动语态，还原成主动是被动语态，还原成主动语态应该是语态应该是“find him smoking”。zxxk精品课件2. We are making bigger holes in the
29、 nets, hoping to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown.(P30)考点考点 V-ing形式作原因状语。相当于一形式作原因状语。相当于一个由个由because 引导的原因状语从句。引导的原因状语从句。zxxk精品课件考例考例 We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketballs, _ that all children like these things. A. thinking B. think C. to think D. thought点拨点拨
30、选选A。we 与与think 之间是逻辑上的之间是逻辑上的主谓关系。句子相当于：主谓关系。句子相当于：We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketballs, because we think that all children like these things.zxxk精品课件3. He travelled on the plane like this, keeping the tortoise hidden in a blanket. (P30)考点考点 当分词作状语时，分词的逻辑当分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必
31、须与句子的主语保持一致。主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。zxxk精品课件考例考例 While watching television, _. A the doorbell rang B the doorbell ringsC we heard the doorbell ringD we heard the doorbell ringszxxk精品课件点拨点拨 选选C。由前面分词结构。由前面分词结构While watching television可以看出：可以看出：watching television是由人发出的动作，是由人发出的动作，其主语应当是和主句的逻辑主语一致其主语应当是和主句的逻辑主
32、语一致的，所以主句的主语应该是人。的，所以主句的主语应该是人。zxxk精品课件4. He sat there, not knowing what to say. (P30)考点考点 非谓语动词的否定形式是在非谓语动词的否定形式是在非谓语动词前面加上非谓语动词前面加上not。zxxk精品课件考例考例 _ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.A.Not completingB.B. Not completed C. Not having completed D. Having not completedzxxk精品课件点拨点拨 选选C。该句主语是。该句主语是they，和，和complete 是逻辑上的主谓关系，所以是逻辑上的主谓关系，所以用用V-ing形式表示主动。形式表示主动。complete the programme这个动作发生在这个动作发生在have to stay there . 动作之前，故用完成时态。动作之前，故用完成时态。zxxk精品课件zxxk精品课件
