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1、英语语音（二）英语语音（二）English Pronunciation & Intonation (II) Unit FourSentence StressingUnit Four Sentence Stressing II. What to stress and what not to in a sentenceI. Alternation of stressed and unstressed words重读单词与非重读单词的交替Alternation of Stressed and Unstressed SyllablesSection II1.Why is English spoken
2、with some words stressed and others unstressed?I. Alternation of stressed and unstressed wordsUnit Four Sentence Stressing Warm up task:What would happen if everyone in a city stopped paying taxes? The water supply would stop. Water might even become unclean and impure. The streets might not be clea
3、ned. There would be no police force to protect people and property. Schools would be closed. People would become sick and disease might spreadTry reading the following sentences first with all the words stressed, then with all the words unstressed and finally with some words stressed and others unst
4、ressed.I. Alternation of stressed and unstressed wordsUnit Four Sentence Stressing Conclusion:(1) Alternation of stressed words and unstressed ones is a typical feature of English speech or utterances.(2) When all the words are stressed, the flow of speech will be slowed down and even broken, making
5、 it tiresome to speak and to listen to. (3) When all the words are unstressed, the listener can not get what you mean through your monotonous murmuring.I. Alternation of stressed and unstressed wordsUnit Four Sentence Stressing Conclusion:(1) Alternation of stressed words and unstressed ones is a ty
6、pical feature of English speech or utterance.I. Alternation of stressed and unstressed wordsWhat would happen if everyone in a city stopped paying taxes? The water supply would stop. Water might even become unclean and impure. The streets might not be cleaned. There would be no police force to prote
7、ct people and property. Schools would be closed. People would become sick and disease might spread注注: 需重读的单词在重读时，不是所有音节都重读。单音节单词需要重读时语气需重读的单词在重读时，不是所有音节都重读。单音节单词需要重读时语气 加重即可，加重即可，多音节单词需要重读时只加重重读音节。非重读单词即使是多音节，其重读音节也不用多音节单词需要重读时只加重重读音节。非重读单词即使是多音节，其重读音节也不用加重。加重。Unit Four Sentence Stressing Conclusion
8、:(2) If all the words are stressed, the flow of speech will be slowed down and even broken, making it tiresome to speak and to listen to. For example, you can not stress all the words in the following sentences if you want to speak at a normal or faster speed.I. Alternation of stressed and unstresse
9、d wordsAre they going to take it with them?He was with his family.How about going to my aunt for help?Unit Four Sentence Stressing Conclusion:(3) When all the words are unstressed, the listener can not get what you mean or focus on from your monotonous murmuring.I. Alternation of stressed and unstre
10、ssed wordsWe know that we have to pay for what we get. If we buy food, we have to pay for it. If a doctor treats us, we know there will be a bill to pay. These are private bills. But there are also public bills that must be paid. Public bills are paid for by the government. In turn we get needed ser
11、vices. We all use these services without thinking how we get them. But such services cost money. We pay for these services through taxes.Unit Four Sentence Stressing 句子中哪些词重读及哪些词不重读What to Stress and What Not to in a SentenceSection II1.Are there any rules as to what to stress and what not to in a s
12、entence?II. What to stress and what not to in a sentenceUnit Four Sentence Stressing Warm up task-1:Reading, like most things, improves with practice. If you practice improving your reading speed, you will improve. As you will see, the rewards of improved reading speed will be well worth your time a
13、nd effort.Try reading the following sentences with some words stressed and others unstressed.II. What to stress and what not to in a sentenceUnit Four Sentence Stressing Warm up task-2:I wonder if you could change the date of the trip to Hangzhou the weekend after next. You see, I have been asked to
14、 serve the Cultural Fair next Saturday, and Id like very much to take advantage of this chance.Yes, thatll be all right. The weekend after next.Try reading the following sentences with some words stressed and others unstressed.II. What to stress and what not to in a sentenceUnit Four Sentence Stress
15、ing Conclusion:(1) Generally, content words are stressed, and function words (grammatical words) are not.(2) In some special contexts, however, function words might be stressed whereas some content words are not.II. What to stress and what not to in a sentenceUnit Four Sentence Stressing Conclusion:
16、(1) Generally, content words are stressed, and function words are not.II. What to stress and what not to in a sentenceHe keepskeeps worworrying about it.Ive justjust receivedceived a letletter from her.WhatWhats allall the fussfuss about?WhoWho were you talktalking to?WhyWhy are you avoidvoiding me?
17、Have you finishedfinished your homehomework?Hes hurthurt himself.Youre looklooking rarather pleasedpleased with yourself. What are content words? What are grammatical words? Are you sure you what they are?Unit Four Sentence Stressing Conclusion:(2) In some special contexts, however, function words m
18、ight be stressed whereas some content words are not.II. What to stress and what not to in a sentenceCases of grammatical words stressed: - comparison and emphasis - grammatical stressCases of content words not stressed: - after Nucleus, -2nd word of compound noun, -what repeated - after quotation, -
19、final adverbial, -post modifier, - verbs at the end of wh- +noun questions, - some kinds of tag words, -tag call of someones name, - the verb after the noun in an event sentence, - empty noun or a noun of general reference Unit Four Sentence Stressing （功能词词重读的情况）Cases of grammatical words stressedII
20、I. Cases of function words stressed(1) Comparison and emphasisShe was trying to lose weight last month, | but now shes stopped. (ii) She was trying to lose weight, | despite what you may claim.Situation 1: Functional verbs like “was” in comparison and emphasis注注: 竖杠为语调群分隔符号。下划线表示该单词需要重读。粗体加下划线表竖杠为语调
21、群分隔符号。下划线表示该单词需要重读。粗体加下划线表示该单词为调核，重读时需要比别的单词读得更重。示该单词为调核，重读时需要比别的单词读得更重。Unit Four Sentence Stressing She | said it was wrong, | but he | said it was right.Situation 2: Pronouns like “he”, “she” in comparison and emphasis注注: 竖杠为语调群分隔符号（单竖杠为超短停顿，双竖杠为短停顿）。下划竖杠为语调群分隔符号（单竖杠为超短停顿，双竖杠为短停顿）。下划线表示该单词需要重读。粗体加
22、下划线表示该单词为调核，重读时需要比线表示该单词需要重读。粗体加下划线表示该单词为调核，重读时需要比别的单词读得更重。别的单词读得更重。Unit Four Sentence Stressing (1) Comparison and emphasisIII. Cases of grammatical words stressedI have been to Shanghai twice.(除否定之外，在这样的结构中，been 一般重读。）Situation 1: Stressing of functional words like “been” in some structures注注: 下划线
23、表示该单词需要重读。粗体加下划线表示该单词为调核，重读时下划线表示该单词需要重读。粗体加下划线表示该单词为调核，重读时需要比别的单词读得更重。需要比别的单词读得更重。Unit Four Sentence Stressing (2) Grammatical stressIII. Cases of grammatical words stressedI have never been | to Shanghai. He very seldom | eats breakfast.He promised | he would finish it, | but actually | he didnt f
24、inish it.(功能动词与否定词合二为一时且需要重读时，重读位置前移，如dont, didnt, wasnt等。）Situation 2: Words for negation like “not”, “never”, “seldom” always stressed注注: 竖杠为语调群分隔符号（单竖杠为超短停顿，双竖杠为短停顿）。下划竖杠为语调群分隔符号（单竖杠为超短停顿，双竖杠为短停顿）。下划线表示该单词需要重读。粗体加下划线表示该单词为调核，重读时需要比线表示该单词需要重读。粗体加下划线表示该单词为调核，重读时需要比别的单词读得更重。别的单词读得更重。Unit Four Senten
25、ce Stressing (2) Grammatical stressIII. Cases of grammatical words stressedJerry was late. | And Mark, too. Jerry was late. | So was Mark.Jerry was late, | and Mark as well.Jerry was not present. | Mark either.Jerry was not present. | Nor was Mark.(但是as well as 在句中间时不重读）Situation 3: Words meaning “a
26、ndas well” always stressed, esp. at the end(表示“也”之意味的词都重读）Unit Four Sentence Stressing III. Cases of grammatical words stressed(2) Grammatical stressDont eat it; | it will only make you ill.I arrived just I was leaving.Even the younger children | enjoyed the concert.（但是，（但是，only, evenonly, even放在句尾时
27、不重读，详见后续说明。）放在句尾时不重读，详见后续说明。）Situation 4: Words obviously for emphasis like “only”, “even” mostly stressedUnit Four Sentence Stressing III. Cases of grammatical words stressed(2) Grammatical stress（实词不重读的情况）Cases of content words not stressedIV. Cases of content words not stressedCases of content wo
28、rds not stressed（实词不重读的情况） - after Nucleus（调核之后不重读） Youve told me what Emma wants, |but what do you want?（此句中you后面的wantwant不重读。）He promised | he would finish it, | but actually | he didnt finish it. （此句中didnt后面的finishfinish不重读。）Unit Four Sentence Stressing II. What to stress and what not to in a sen
29、tenceCases of content words not stressed: -2nd word of compound noun （合成名词的第二个词不重读）credit card（card不重读）question master（master不重读）job hunting（hunting不重读）football coach（coach不重读）phone message（message不重读）Birthday party（party不重读）要注意区分合成名词和偏正关系名词词组。合成名词具有相对固定的意义和用法。名词词组则是根据表达需要随机搭配形成的临时组合。Unit Four Sente
30、nce Stressing II. What to stress and what not to in a sentenceCases of content words not stressed: - what repeated （重复前面已有信息时不重读，包括用不同的词重复同样的意思重复前面已有信息时不重读，包括用不同的词重复同样的意思） Shall we walk to the restaurant? Yes, | in fact Id prefer to go on foot.（go on foot是前面提到过的walk，是重复信息。）Can I introduce you to the
31、 manager? Actually,| Ive already met Mr Jenkins. （Mr Jenkins是前面提到过的the manager，是重复信息。）注：被重复的词被重复之前实词部分重读，重复时则不重读。注：被重复的词被重复之前实词部分重读，重复时则不重读。Unit Four Sentence Stressing II. What to stress and what not to in a sentenceCases of content words not stressed: - what repeated Sallys got a dog. What breed o
32、f dog?（第二次出现的dog不重读，因为是重复信息。）You took my plate. I didnt take your plate!（第二次出现的take your plate不重读，因为是重复信息。）Do you eat meat? Well, I used to eat meat.（第二次出现的to eat meat不重读，因为是重复信息。）Unit Four Sentence Stressing II. What to stress and what not to in a sentenceCases of content words not stressed: - afte
33、r quotation（引语后面较短的主谓结构不重读）“How are you doing?” he asked.“Im fine,” she replied.（asked和replied是引语说明部分的动词，不重读。） Unit Four Sentence Stressing II. What to stress and what not to in a sentenceCases of content words not stressed: - final adverbials of time or place（句尾的时间和地点状语） I had an unexpected letter
34、yesterday. (yesterday不需要重读。)There were a lot of people in the room.(in the room不需要重读。)Theres a mosquito on your finger. (on your finger不需要重读。)Unit Four Sentence Stressing II. What to stress and what not to in a sentenceCases of content words not stressed: - post modifier (后置定语中的非谓语动词不需要重读） Look at t
35、he tie hes wearing!（wearing不重读）Hows the homework going?（going不重读） Ive got a book to read.（read不重读）I still have several topics to cover.（cover不重读）I dont know which bus to take.（take不重读）Put the plates to warm.（warm不重读）Unit Four Sentence Stressing II. What to stress and what not to in a sentenceCases o
36、f content words not stressed: - verbs at the end of wh- +noun questions （“疑问词+名词”结构后面的动词不重读）Which route did you take?（take不重读）Whose pen did you borrow?（borrow不重读）What arrangements have you made?（made不重读）Which hotel are you staying in?（staying in不重读）What sort of food do you prefer?（prefer不重读）Unit Fou
37、r Sentence Stressing II. What to stress and what not to in a sentenceCases of content words not stressed: - some kinds of tag words （词尾的语气副词有一些不需要重读）Well see you on Tuesday, then.He had a heart attack last year. | It hasnt stopped him smoking, though.The bride looked beautiful | radiant, even.We cou
38、ld just stay here | and pass the time, sort of thing. Youve got to slow down a bit.Her healths pretty poor, you know.We sell pots, pans, dishes, and so on.Unit Four Sentence Stressing II. What to stress and what not to in a sentenceCases of content words not stressed: - tag call of someones name or
39、addressing (句尾的姓名或称呼） Come on in, Linda.What about the mode of payment, Mr. Smith?Heres your change, sir.Unit Four Sentence Stressing II. What to stress and what not to in a sentenceCases of content words not stressed: - the verb after the noun in an event sentence （描述忽然看到、听到或发现的情况。中心名词后面的动词不重读） The
40、 phones ringing. （听到电话铃声响了以后，告诉某人有电话）The car wont start. （发现车发动不着了以后说的话，意思是问“怎么办？”）Theres a train coming.（发现有火车过来了，意思是“快看呀”或者“小心”)My watch has stopped. （意思是“糟糕，我的手表不走了！”）Unit Four Sentence Stressing II. What to stress and what not to in a sentenceCases of content words not stressed:- an empty noun: something known or unknown but not important (某些名词表达的是说话人之间已知的信息，不重读。有的虽然未知，但并不重要，也不重读） Have a word with the guy!(the guy 为说话双方已知信息，不重读）I cant stand that woman.(that woman 为说话双方已知信息，不重读）What are you going to tell people?(people 泛指不确定的对象，意思为“别人”、“人们”，不重读）Unit Four Sentence Stressing
