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1、小组成员：马云、方诗慧、盛晓莲、倪铭露、李岳英男、韦小组成员：马云、方诗慧、盛晓莲、倪铭露、李岳英男、韦君君08机电1班ElectricalandMechanicalMyclassonecontentsSpokenandwritingformsDifferencesandsimilaritiesRelationshipSpoken and writing formsDifferences and relationship How to deal with the relationshipcontent第一部分Spoken and writing forms总体概况第一部分Electricala
2、ndMechanicalMyclassone,ourhome调研方法orallanguage第一部分 Spoken language sometimes called oral language, which is produced in its spontaneous form, as opposed to written language. Many languages have no written form, and so are only spoken.In spoken language, much of the meaning is determined by the conte
3、xt. This contrasts with written language, where more of the meaning is provided directly by the text. In spoken language the truth of a proposition is determined by common-sense reference to experience, whereas in written language a greater emphasis is placed on logical and coherent argument; simila
4、rly, spoken language tends to convey subjective information, including the relationship between the speaker and the audience, whereas written language tends to convey objective information 第一部分ElectricalandMechanicalMyclassone,ourhome调研方法Writinglanguage第一部分Written Language refers to communication in
5、 its written form - specifically skills contributing to and including reading and writing. There is evidence that we are hard-wired for oral language; speaking and listening skills are most often acquired naturally by young children without the need for systematic, explicit teaching. Language in its
6、 written form, however, is a process that is superimposed on our innate oral language rules and must be explicitly taught. Many languages continue to exist that do not have a written form.第一部分Spokenandwritinglanguage第二部分Differencesandsimilarities第二部分ElectricalandMechanicalMyclassone,ourhome第二部分diffe
7、rencesWriting is usually permanent and written texts cannot usually be changed once they have been printed/written out. Speech is usually transient, unless recorded, and speakers can correct themselves and change their utterances as they go along. A written text can communicate across time and space
8、 for as long as the particular language and writing system is still understood. Speech is usually used for immediate interactions. Written language tends to be more complex and intricate than speech with longer sentences and many subordinate clauses. The punctuation and layout of written texts also
9、have no spoken equivalent. However some forms of written language, such as instant messages and email, are closer to spoken language. Spoken language tends to be full of repetitions, incomplete sentences, corrections and interruptions, with the exception of formal speeches and other scripted forms o
10、f speech, such as news reports and scripts for plays and films. Writers receive no immediate feedback from their readers, except in computer-based communication. Therefore they cannot rely on context to clarify things so there is more need to explain things clearly and unambiguously than in speech,
11、except in written correspondence between people who know one another well. Speech is usually a dynamic interaction between two or more people. Context and shared knowledge play a major role, so it is possible to leave much unsaid or indirectly implied. Writers can make use of punctuation, headings,
12、layout, colours and other graphical effects in their written texts. Such things are not available in speech Speech can use timing, tone, volume, and timbre to add emotional context. Written material can be read repeatedly and closely analysed, and notes can be made on the writing surface. Only recor
13、ded speech can be used in this way. 第二部分ElectricalandMechanicalMyclassone,ourhome第二部分similsrities b) Spoken language in action, where language is used to accompany actions being performed by the speakers, is also typically heavily context-dependent and may show a high frequency of occurrence of deic
14、tic words such as this one , over there, near you and bring that here, which can only be decoded in relation to where the speakers are at the time of speaking a) the transcript of a piece of natural conversation may well contain references impossible to decode without particular knowledge or without
15、 visual information 第二部分Differencesandrelationship第三部分Howtodealwiththerelationship建议总结Proposals第三部分RelationshipThe relationship between spoken language and written language is complex. Within the field of linguistics the current consensus is that speech is an innate human capability while written la
16、nguage is a cultural invention.However some linguists, such as those of the Prague school, argue that written and spoken language possess distinct qualities which would argue against written language being dependent on spoken language for its existence.The term spoken language is sometimes used for vocal language; however, sign language is also sometimes said to be spoken.第三部分Howtodealwithspokenandwritingformoflanguage班风展示08机电1班ElectricalandMechanicalMyclassoneThankso(v)o
