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1、Human anatomy 山山东大学医学院大学医学院 解剖教研室解剖教研室扈燕来扈燕来huyanlaisdu.edu办公室：公室：1105Basic Concepts of Anatomy Definition: human anatomy, the oldest science dealing with the structures and functions of bodyGross anatomy: systematic anatomy regional anatomy人体解剖教学特点人体解剖教学特点人体解剖学的教学包括人体解剖学的教学包括讲授和察看授和察看标本和本和模型。同模型。同时
2、，亲密密结合活体的察看和触摸，合活体的察看和触摸，以加以加强对解剖学内容的了解和解剖学内容的了解和记忆。教学大教学大纲所列教学内容按要求程度的不同，所列教学内容按要求程度的不同，分分为“掌握内容和掌握内容和“了解内容两了解内容两级。掌。掌握内容握内容为重点内容，学生必需重点内容，学生必需经过反复学反复学习与思索到达与思索到达结实掌握、熟掌握、熟练描画、准确描画、准确指指认和和联络实践运用的程度。了解内容那践运用的程度。了解内容那么要求学生到达普通的么要求学生到达普通的认识和了解。和了解。人体的分部和系统十大部分：头部颅、面部、颈部颈、项部、背部、胸部、腹部、盆会阴部后四部分称为躯干部九大系统：
3、运动系统、消化系统、呼吸系统、泌尿系统、生殖系统、觉得器、脉管系统、神经系统、内分泌系统。 Descriptive anatomical termsThe anatomical position: (解剖学姿解剖学姿态) The body is upright, legs together, and directed forwards. The palms手掌手掌are turned forward, with the thumbs拇指拇指laterally.The terms of the direction (方位方位术语)superior 上上, inferior 下下anterior
4、(ventral) 前前 ( 腹腹侧 ) posterior (dorsal) 后后 ( 背背侧 )medial 内内侧, lateral 外外侧internal 内内, external 外外superficial 浅浅, profound 深深proximal 近近侧, distal 远侧ulnar 尺尺侧, radial 桡侧tibial 胫侧，fibular 腓腓侧 Anatomical axes and planes 轴与面Axis 轴：Vertical axis 垂直垂直轴Sagittal axis 矢状矢状轴Coronal axis 冠状冠状轴Plane面面:Sagittal p
5、lane 矢状面矢状面Coronal plane 冠状面冠状面Horizontal plane 程度面程度面 或或transverse plane 横切面横切面The Locomotor System 运动系运动系统统运运动系系统由由bone 骨、骨、joints关关节和和muscles 骨骼肌骨骼肌组成，占成，占成人体重成人体重60%骨起杠杆作用骨起杠杆作用关关节是运是运动的枢的枢纽骨骼肌是骨骼肌是动力器官力器官功能功能: support 支持支持Protection 维护Locomotion 运运动 Introduction of the osteology 骨骨学总论学总论Bones i
6、n adult are 206 in number.Classification of bone Bones are classified according to their position and shape The position can be:skull 颅骨bones of trunk 躯干骨appendicular skeleton 四肢骨Types of shape include: long bone 长骨short bone 短骨flat bone 扁骨 irregular bone不规那么骨 Long bones (found in limbs): Diaphysis
7、or shaft 骨干, which is hollow (called medullary cavity 骨髓腔), filled with bone marrow骨髓Two endsepiphysis 骺 articular surface 关节面, metaphysis干骺端, epiphysial cartilage 骺软骨, and epiphysial line 骺线Short bones: cuboidal立方形的in shape, e.g. carpal bonesFlat bones: thin, Irregular bones: have any irregular or
8、mixed shape, e.g. vertebrae, pneumatic bones含含气骨气骨* Sesamoid bones籽籽骨骨: develop within tendonGeneral structures of bone骨的构骨的构造造1.Bone substance 骨骨质compact bone 骨密骨密质spongy bone 骨松骨松质 呈海呈海绵状，由骨小梁构成状，由骨小梁构成In the calvaria 颅盖盖, the layers of compact bone are called the outer plate and inner plate外板和内板外
9、板和内板, while the layer of spongy bone is called the diploe 板障板障 2.Periosteum 骨膜骨膜: Outer or fibrous layer Inner layer is vascular and provides the underlying bone with nutrition. 成骨成骨细胞胞3.Bone marrow 骨髓骨髓Red marrow 红骨髓骨髓: 造血造血Yellow marrow黄骨髓黄骨髓: fatty Chemical composition and physical properties化学成分
10、和物理性质有机有机质： 主要是骨胶原主要是骨胶原纤维束和粘多糖蛋白。构成支架，束和粘多糖蛋白。构成支架，赋予骨的予骨的弹性和性和韧性。性。无机无机质： 主要是碱性磷酸主要是碱性磷酸钙。赋予骨硬度和脆性予骨硬度和脆性 有机质有机质无机质无机质Children 1 1Adult 3 7Old 1 4Bones of trunk 躯干骨躯干骨Composition: vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sternum and ribs Vertebrae 椎骨椎骨There are 33 vertebrae in children , arranged as follows:Cer
11、vical vertebrae 颈椎椎 C.7Thoracic vertebrae 胸椎胸椎 T.12Lumbar vertebrae 腰椎腰椎 L.5Sacral vertebrae 骶椎骶椎 S.5 sacrum 骶骶骨骨Coccygeal vertebrae 尾椎尾椎 Co.34 coccyx尾尾骨骨General features of vertebraeVertebral body 椎体椎体Vertebral arch 椎弓椎弓pedicle of vertebral arch 椎弓根椎弓根: sup. and inf. Vertebral notch 椎上、下切迹椎上、下切迹 la
12、mina of vertebral arch 椎弓板椎弓板process (7): spinous process 棘突棘突transverse process 横突横突sup. and inf. articular processes 上、下关上、下关节突突Vertebral foramen 椎孔椎孔 Vertebral canal 椎管椎管Intervertebral foramen 椎椎间孔孔Regional variations of vertebraeCharacteristics of Cervical vertebrae1.Vertebrae Body: small , elli
13、pse2.Vertebral foramen: larger and triangular3.Spinous processes: short and bifid in C2 to C64.Transverse processes: transverse foramen横突孔5.Articular processes: horizontal Atypical vertebeaeAtlas寰椎寰椎 (C1) Body, articular processes and spinous process absent, consists of anterior and posterior arches
14、, and two lateral masses.齿突凹突凹dental fovea上关上关节面下关面下关节面面Groove for vertebral artery 椎椎动脉沟脉沟Axis枢椎枢椎 (C2): distinguished by dens齿突突 which articulates with dental fovea of anterior arch of atlasCarotid tubercle:颈动脉结节: anterior tubercle of transverse process of C6Vertebra prominens 隆椎(C7):contains long
15、 and non-bifid spinous process, it is visible with neck flexed, used as clinical landmark in counting cervical and thoracic spinous processesThoracic vertebrae Characteristics of Thoracic vertebrae1.Vertebral Body ： heart-shape, superior and inferior costal fovea 上、下肋凹2.Vertebral foramen： smaller, r
16、ounder 3.Spinous processes： long, point obliquely downward 4.Transverse processes： transverse costal fovea 横突肋凹 5.Articular processes: coronal Lumbar vertebrae 1.Vertebrae Body： larger, kidney-shape 2.Vertebral foramen: larger and triangular 3.Spinous processes: projects horizontally 4.Transverse pr
17、ocesses: long 5.Articular processes: sagittal Characteristics of lumbar vertebraeSacrum Anterior surface: promontory岬, anterior sacral foramina 骶前孔(four pairs) Posterior surface: median sacral crest 骶正中嵴, posterior sacral foramina (four pairs), sacral hiatus骶管裂孔，sacral cornu 骶角Lateral part: auricula
18、r surface耳状面, sacral tuberosity骶粗隆Cornua palpationSacral hiatusSternum Manubrium sterni 胸骨柄胸骨柄: jugular notch 颈静脉切静脉切迹迹, clavicular notch 锁切切迹迹Body of sternum 胸骨体胸骨体 Xiphoid process剑突突 Sternal angle 胸骨角胸骨角: the junction of manubrium and body, which connects 2nd costal cartilage肋肋软骨骨laterally, and li
19、es opposite lower border of T4 posteriorly Sternal angle 胸骨角胸骨角 which connects 2nd costal cartilage laterally, and lies opposite lower border of T4 posteriorlyRibs肋肋: 12 pairGeneral featuresRibs 17 called true ribs真肋Ribs 812 called false ribs 假肋Ribs 1112 called floating ribs 浮肋Composition:costal bon
20、eandcostal cartilages. Characteristics of “typical rib (39肋) Posterior end: costal head 肋头, costal neck肋颈, costal tubercle肋结节 Shaft: costal angle肋角, costal groove 肋沟Anterior endAtypical ribFirst rib: tubercle for scalenus anterior前斜角肌结节, sulcus for subclavian artery and vein 锁骨下动、静脉沟11th and 12th ri
21、bs lack costal necks, tubercles and angles躯干骨的重要骨性标志1. jugular notch颈静脉切迹:平对第2胸椎体的下缘.2. sternal angle胸骨角3.spine of Vertebra prominens第7颈椎棘突:是确定椎骨棘突序数的标志.4. costal arch肋弓:由810肋软骨依次连于上位肋软骨构成左右肋弓.5. xiphoid process剑突6. sacral hiatus骶管裂孔:在骶骨反面正中的下端,左右骶角之间,为骶管向下的开口7. sacral horn骶角 8. coccyx尾骨Teaching out
22、line1.Master the anatomical position and the terminology in human anatomy, the axex and planes.2.Master the shape and classification of bones, structures and functions of bone.3.Master the composition of the skeleton of the trunk.4.Master the general shape of the vertebrae ,the main characteristics
23、of vertebrae in each region.5.Master the shape and portion of the sternum, master the clinical purpose of the sternal angle.6.Master the general shape and classification of the ribs.7.Master the surface landmarks of the skeleton of the trunk.1.骨的构造？各部有何特点？骨的构造？各部有何特点？2.骨按形状可分几类？各有何特点？骨按形状可分几类？各有何特点？ 3.典型椎骨构造有哪些？典型椎骨构造有哪些？4.各部椎骨有何特点？各部椎骨有何特点？5.C1，C2，S的形状？的形状？6.胸骨的形状？胸骨的形状？ 骺软骨骺软骨-骺线骺线
