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1、The French Revolution2021/7/112021/7/12TheRevolutionwasaperiodofpoliticalandsocialupheavalandradicalchangeinthehistoryofFrance.TheFrenchgovernmentalstructure,previouslyanabsolutemonarchywithprivilegesforthearistocracyandCatholicclergy,underwentradicalchange.2021/7/13Thesechangeswereaccompaniedbyviol
2、entturmoilwhichincludedthetrialandexecutionoftheking,vastbloodshedandrepressionduringtheReignofTerror,andwarfareinvolvingothermajorEuropeannations.Execution of Louis XVI2021/7/14HistoriansallagreethattheRevolutionwasawatershedeventthatchangedEuropeirrevocably(不可逆转).The American Revolution(1774)2021/
3、7/15Finally,inatimeofhighlysecularizedEnlightenment,theideathatKingLouisXVIhadabsolutepowerduetodivinerighttheideathathehadbeenhandpickedbyGoddidntholdnearlyasmuchwaterasinthepastfewdecades.2021/7/16Ultimately,theseproblemswerethefinalcatalystfortheRevolution.2021/7/17In1789,whentheEstates-General,r
4、econvenedanditbecameapparentthatthehigher-rankingclassesrefusedtoforfeittheirprivilegestosavethecountry,thefrustrationoftheFrenchbourgeoisiereacheditsboilingpoint.TheRevolutionwasthusabattletoachieveequalityandremoveoppression.TheEstates-General,17892021/7/18TheRevolutionwonanumberofvictories:1.Noru
5、leraftertheRevolutiondaredtoreversethepropertyandrightsgainedduringtheRevolution,sothosewhohadpurchasedchurchlandwereallowedtokeepit.2.Thenewtaxsystemremaineddevoidoftheinfluenceofprivilege,sothateverymanpaidhisshareaccordingtopersonalwealth.3.Thebreakdownofchurchandfeudalcontractsfreedpeoplefromtit
6、hesandotherincurredfees.Peasants Paying Tithes 2021/7/19Onthewhole,theFrenchpeoplehadseentheimpacttheycouldhaveovertheirgovernment,andthatliberating,inspiringspiritwasunlikelyeveragaintobesuppressed.2021/7/110Summary of EventsNoonefactorwasdirectlyresponsiblefortheRevolution.Yearsoffeudaloppressiona
7、ndfiscalmismanagementcontributedtoaFrenchsocietythatwasripeforrevolt.Notingadownwardeconomicspiralinthelate1700s,LouisXVIbroughtinanumberoffinancialadvisorstoreviewtheweakenedFrenchtreasury.EachadvisorreachedthesameconclusionthatFranceneededaradicalchangeinthewayittaxedthepublicandeachadvisorwas,int
8、urn,kickedout.1.FeudalismandUnfairTaxation2021/7/111Finally,thekingrealizedthatthistaxationproblemreallydidneedtobeaddressed,soheappointedanewcontrollergeneraloffinance,CharlesdeCalonne,in1783.Calonnesuggestedthat,amongotherthings,Francebegintaxingthepreviouslyexemptnobility.Butthenobilityrefused.Fi
9、nancialruinthusseemedimminent.CharlesdeCalonne(bornJan.20,1734,Douai,FrancediedOct.29,1802,Paris)2021/7/1122. The Estates-GeneralIndesperation,LouisXVIdecidedin1789toconvenetheEstates-General,anancientassemblyconsistingofthreedifferentestatesthateachrepresentedaportionoftheFrenchpopulation.However,s
10、incetwoofthethreeestatestheclergyandthenobilityweretax-exempt,theattainmentofanysuchsolutionwasunlikely.The meeting of the Estates General May 5, 17892021/7/113Moreover,theoutdatedrulesoforderfortheEstates-Generalgaveeachestateasinglevote,despitethefactthattheThirdEstateconsistingofthegeneralFrenchp
11、ublicwasmanytimeslargerthaneitherofthefirsttwo.Feudsquicklybrokeoutoverthisdisparityandwouldprovetobeirreconcilable.Realizingthatitsnumbersgaveitanautomaticadvantage,theThirdEstatedeclareditselfthesovereignNationalAssembly.Withindaysoftheannouncement,manymembersoftheothertwoestateshadswitchedallegia
12、ncesovertothisrevolutionarynewassembly.Libert,Egalit,Fraternit:TheFrenchRevolution 2021/7/1143.TheBastilleandtheGreatFearShortlyaftertheNationalAssemblyformed,itsmemberstooktheTennisCourtOath,swearingthattheywouldnotrelentintheireffortsuntilanewconstitutionhadbeenagreedupon.TheNationalAssemblysrevol
13、utionaryspiritgalvanizedFrance,manifestinginanumberofdifferentways.The Tennis Court OathbyJacques-LouisDavid2021/7/115InParis,citizensstormedthecityslargestprison,theBastille,inpursuitofarms.Inthecountryside,peasantsandfarmersrevoltedagainsttheirfeudalcontractsbyattackingthemanorsandestatesoftheirla
14、ndlords.Dubbedthe“GreatFear,”theseruralattackscontinueduntiltheearlyAugustissuingoftheAugustDecrees,whichfreedthosepeasantsfromtheiroppressivecontracts.Storming the Bastille 14 July 17892021/7/116Shortlythereafter,theassemblyreleasedtheDeclarationoftheRightsofManandoftheCitizen,whichestablishedaprop
15、erjudicialcodeandtheautonomyoftheFrenchpeople.The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 17932021/7/1174.RiftsintheAssemblyThoughtheNationalAssemblydidsucceedindraftingaconstitution,therelativepeaceofthemomentwasshort-lived.Ariftslowlygrewbetweentheradicalandmoderateassemblymembers,whilethe
16、commonlaborersandworkersbegantofeeloverlooked.WhenLouisXVIwascaughtinafoiledescapeplot,theassemblybecameespeciallydivided.ThemoderateGirondinstookastanceinfavorofretainingtheconstitutionalmonarchy,whiletheradicalJacobinswantedthekingcompletelyoutofthepicture.theJacobinstheGirondins2021/7/118Outsideo
17、fFrance,someneighboringcountriesfearedthatFrancesrevolutionaryspiritwouldspreadbeyondFrenchland.Inresponse,theyissuedtheDeclarationofPillnitz,whichinsistedthattheFrenchreturnLouisXVItothethrone.Frenchleadersinterpretedthedeclarationashostile,sotheGirondin-ledassemblydeclaredwaronAustriaandPrussia.Th
18、e Declaration of Pillnitz on Aug. 27, 1791, was a statement issued at the Castle of Pillnitz in Saxony (south of Dresden) by the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II and Frederick William II of Prussia. Calling on European powers to intervene if Louis XVI of France was threatened, this declaration
19、 was intended to serve as a warning to the French revolutionaries not to infringe further on the rights of Louis XVI and to allow his restoration to power. 2021/7/1195. The Reign of TerrorThefirstactsofthenewlynamedNationalConventionweretheabolitionofthemonarchyandthedeclarationofFranceasarepublic.I
20、nJanuary1793,theconventiontriedandexecutedLouisXVIonthegroundsoftreason.DespitethecreationoftheCommitteeofPublicSafety,thewarwithAustriaandPrussiawentpoorlyforFrance,andforeignforcespressedonintoFrenchterritory.EnragedcitizensoverthrewtheGirondin-ledNationalConvention,andtheJacobins,ledbyMaximilienR
21、obespierre,tookcontrol.Robespierre(1758-1794)2021/7/120BackedbythenewlyapprovedConstitutionof1793,RobespierreandtheCommitteeofPublicSafetybeganconscriptingFrenchsoldiersandimplementinglawstostabilizetheeconomy.ButRobespierreembarkeduponaReignofTerrorinlate17931794,duringwhichhehadmorethan15,000peopl
22、eexecutedattheguillotine.WhentheFrencharmysuccessfullyremovedforeigninvadersandtheeconomyfinallystabilized,however,Robespierrenolongerhadanyjustificationforhisextremeactions,andhehimselfwasarrestedinJuly1794andexecuted.ApictureoftheguillotineusedduringtheReignofTerror2021/7/1216. The Thermidorian Re
23、action and the DirectoryTheerafollowingtheoustingofRobespierrewasknownastheThermidorian(热月党人)Reaction,andaperiodofgovernmentalrestructuringbegan,leadingtothenewConstitutionof1795andasignificantlymoreconservativeNationalConvention.Tocontrolexecutiveresponsibilitiesandappointments,agroupknownastheDire
24、ctory(督政府)wasformed.TheDirectorysabuseofpowersooncametorivalthatofanyofthetyrannousrevolutionariesFrancehadfaced.theThermidorianReaction2021/7/1227. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769 - 1821)Meanwhile,theCommitteeofPublicSafetyswareffortwasrealizingunimaginablesuccess.Frencharmies,especiallythoseledbyyounggen
25、eralNapoleonBonaparte,weremakingprogressinnearlyeverydirection.2021/7/123NapoleonsforcesdrovethroughItalyandreachedasfarasEgyptbeforefacingadeflatingdefeat.Inthefaceofthisrout,andhavingreceivedwordofpoliticalupheavalsinFrance,NapoleonreturnedtoParis.HearrivedintimetoleadacoupagainsttheDirectoryin179
26、9,eventuallysteppingupandnaminghimself“firstconsul”effectively,theleaderofFrance.WithNapoleonatthehelm,theRevolutionended,andFranceenteredafifteen-yearperiodofmilitaryrule.2021/7/124留学（英美澳法加新六国）租房留学（英美澳法加新六国）租房留学公寓在线隶属于同维思创网络科技（北京）有限责任公司。公司总部位于国家级大学科技园-中国人民大学文化科技园。提供免费的海外学生公寓在线预订服务,不收取任何手续费或中介费。留学生直
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