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1、Noun ClausesSubject ObjectPredicative Appositive ClauseTell the function of each of the clauses in the following sentences:1.You know that I am a teacher of English.2. That I am a teacher of English is known to you all .3. It is known to you all that I am a teacher of English.4. The fact that I am a
2、 teacher of English is known to you all.5. I am worried about whether you can do well in the exam. 6. What I am worried about is whether you can do well in the exam. that I am a teacher of English That I am a teacher of English that I am a teacher of English whether you can do well in the exam.Objec
3、t ClauseSubject ClauseSubject Clause Predicative ClauseAppositive Clause that I am a teacher of English whether you can do well in the exam.Object ClauseSubject ClauseWhat I am worried aboutThe Subject Clause:1.Whether it is true remains a problem.2.That her hair was turning grey made her very worri
4、ed.3.What I can do is to tell you the truth.4.How the machine works is just what we want to know.5.Whoever breaks the law shall be punished.6.It was obvious that the driver couldnt control his car.Questions:1.Can we use “if” instead of “whether”?2. Whats the difference between “that” and “what”?3.Wh
5、en the Subject Clause is too long, what should we do?4.Can the conjunction “that” be left out in the Subject Clause? The Object Clause:1.They thought that the question was too difficult.2.Im certain that he will get there in time.3.She has made it clear that she does an important job.4. Ill do whate
6、ver you ask me to.5.Do you know whether hell come or not?6. Do you know if/whether any decision has been arrived at?Questions:1. Can the conjunction “that” be left out in the Object Clause? 2.Can we use “if” instead of “whether” in the fifth sentence?The Predicative Clause:1.It looks as if it is goi
7、ng to rain. 2.That is why he failed the exam.3. China is no longer what it used to be. 4. The reason why he was absent was that he was ill. 5. What she wants to know is which book she should buy.6. The question is whether we should accept his invitation. 1. Can we use “because” in place of “that” in
8、 the fourth sentence 2. Can we use “if” instead of “whether” in the sixth sentenceThe Appositive Clause:1.I have no idea when he will arrive. 2.Word has come from the capital that President Hu Jingtao will come to visit our school . 3.The suggestion that we should follow his advice was accepted at l
9、ast. Besides the words “idea, word,suggestion”, can you list some more?The news which they had won the game soon spread all over the whole school.The news The news that we got excited us.that our football team had won excited us.that we gotAppositive ClauseAttributive Clause“that” 在同位语从句中不充当任何成分，只起连
10、接作用,一般不可省略。在定语从句中充当主语或宾语，做宾语时可以省略。 Identify the type of clause in the following sentencesConjunctions of Noun Clauses:连接词连接代词连接副词what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, whichthat, whether, if, as if(as though)when, where, how, why（状语）（状语）(主语、宾语）主语、宾语）Tell whether the following clauses are right:1
11、.That she wants to know is which dress she should buy.2.He will give up his job surprises all of us.3. No matter who breaks the law will be punished.4.If the meeting will be held in our school is not known yet.5.He is said that he has accepted the invitation.What That WhoeverWhether ItTell whether t
12、he following clauses are right:6.The reason why he was late was because his bike broke down halfway.7.I dont doubt whether/if he will come soon.8. He told me the news which was very exciting.9.After that seemed a long time, he came back to life.10.He told me the news if our team won the match.thatth
13、at what thatChoose the best answers:1. 1989 These photographs will show you . A. what does our village look like B. what our village looks like C. how does our village look like D. how our village looks like2. 1992Word has come _ some American guests will come for a visit to our school next week.A.w
14、hat B. that C. whether D. whenB.3. 2004全全国国卷卷I I like _ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright. A. this B. that C. it D. one 4. 1995 is a fact that English is being accepted as an international languageA.There B. This C. That D. It5. 1996 _ we cant get seems better than we have.6. 1999 I
15、 drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. Is that _ you had a few days off? A. why B. when C. what D. where7. 04湖南卷湖南卷I think Father would like to know_Ive been up to so far, so I decide to send him a quick note. A. which B. why C. what D. howA.What , what B. What, that C. That ,that D. That , wh
16、at 8.2001 A computer can only do _ you have instructed it to do. A. how B. after C. what D. when9.2004全全国国卷卷IYou are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is _ I disagree.10. 2005浙浙江江卷卷Danby left word with my secretary _ he would call again in the afternoon. A. who B. that C. as D. which11.
17、 04天津卷天津卷A modern city has been set up in_ was a wasteland ten years ago. A. what B. which C. that D. where12. 04上上海海卷卷 After Yang Liwei succeeded in circling the earth,_our astronauts desire to do is walk in space. A. where B. what C. that D. howA.why B. where C. what D. howComplete the following s
18、entences:1._(毫无疑问毫无疑问)the prices of cars will go down.2.The idea_ (电脑能识别人的声音电脑能识别人的声音) surprises many people.3.I have no idea _ (该选哪一个该选哪一个).4.The problem_ (我们是我们是否做这个实验否做这个实验)has been solved.5.The question_(谁将出国谁将出国) needs considering.There is no doubt thatthat computers can recognize human voicesw
19、hich one I should choosewhether we will do the experimentwho will go abroadComplete the following sentences(page 119):S1:Professor, I want to know （50年后我们的日常生活会是什么样）年后我们的日常生活会是什么样）S2:Dr Smart, my question is (全球变暖对地球会有什么影响全球变暖对地球会有什么影响).S3:Professor, can you predict (污染能否被制止住污染能否被制止住)S4:Dr Smart,I w
20、ant to know (将来我们会不会有足够的食物供养不断增长的人口将来我们会不会有足够的食物供养不断增长的人口) what our daily life will be like in 50 years. what effects global warming will have on us. whether pollution will ever be stopped? whether we will have enough food to feed the growing population. Complete the following sentences(page 119):S5
21、:Professor Smart, my question is （太空航行什么时候能变得既简便又便宜）太空航行什么时候能变得既简便又便宜）S6: Professor, who will win the debate on (是否应该允许克隆人类是否应该允许克隆人类)S7: Dr Smart, I would like to know (会不会有更多无法治愈的疾病会不会有更多无法治愈的疾病)S8: Professor, what is your prediction about (地球什么时候死亡地球什么时候死亡) when space travel will become easy and
22、inexpensive. whether human cloning should be allowed? whether there will be more incurable diseases. when the earth will die? Practice2:Join two sentences into an Appositive Clause.1.The fact that two thirds of all girls in Britain are on a diet worries their parents and teachers a lot.2.We heard th
23、e news last night that the British Prime Minister was on a three-day visit in China.3. The view that teenagers shouldnt spend too much time online is shared by many British parents.4. There is no scientific proof for the idea that mobile phones stop teenagers from spending money on dresses on cigare
24、ttes.5. The suggestion that Chinese students should be given more free time to themselves is welcomed by many people, especially kids in school.Language Revisionconsist of make the most ofhave an influence onbe of great valueon the basis ofbe made up ofmake full use of have an effect onbe valuablebe
25、 based onSentences analysisThe idea that England stands for Fish &Chips, Speakers Corner and the Tower of London is past.Appositive ClauseThe fact that Great Britain is made up of three countries is still unknown to many.The result of so much French influence was that the English language ended up w
26、ith many French words.PredicativeClauseThat most of these are now threatened and may disappear is a serious matter to the people in Britain.SubjectClausePractice 1:The news that the plane would take off on time made everybody happy.The news that is spreading around the airport is that a heavy storm
27、is coming.that the plane would take off on timethat is spreading around the airportthat a heavy storm is coming.Appositive ClauseAttributive ClausePredicativeClauseThey realise that it is of great value to record and teach them to the younger generation.Object ClauseSome people feel that Wales is an
28、 ancient fairy land.The suggestion that students should learn something practical is worth considering.The suggestion that they are considering isthat students should learn something practical. that students should learn something practicalthat they are consideringthat students should learn somethin
29、g practical.Appositive ClauseAttributive ClausePredicativeClause1.John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.2. It is very important that we learn English well .3. The problem is that he often tells lies.4. I will tell her as soon as she comes.5. The birthday present that he gave me was a
30、 car. 6. That the 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is known to all.that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.that we learn English wellthat he often tells lies.That the 2008 Olympic Games will be held in BeijingObject ClauseSubject ClausePredicative ClauseSubject ClauseAdverbial Clauseas
31、 soon as she comes.that he gave meAttributive ClauseCan you tell the function of the following clauses:定语从句定语从句一、引导定语从句的关系词一、引导定语从句的关系词指代人指代人 whowho，whomwhom，thatthat指代事物指代事物 whichwhich，thatthat所属关系所属关系 whosewhose，of whichof which指地点指地点 wherewhere指时间指时间 whenwhen指原因指原因 whywhy二、关系代词二、关系代词that和和which在很
32、多情况下可以互在很多情况下可以互换，但下列情况只用换，但下列情况只用that。All _ can be done has been done.Do you have anything _ you dont understand ?There is little _ can be believed about it .The book doesnt say much _ amuses children.that thatthat that先行词是先行词是all,everything,nothing,anything,something,much,little,none等不定代词，引导定语从句用等
33、不定代词，引导定语从句用that 。(something有时可用有时可用 which)Hamburg is the most beautiful city _Ive ever seen.This is the best TV _ is made in China.The first museum _ he visited in China was the History Museum. thatthatthat先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时，先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时，引导定语从句用引导定语从句用that 。Ive read all the books _ you lent me.
34、No sample _ we have received is satisfactory.Please send us any information _ you have about the subject.He is the only person _ was present at the time. that that that that先行词被先行词被any,some,no,much,few,little,every,all,very,only,last修饰时，引导定语从句用修饰时，引导定语从句用that 。The famous writer and his works _ the r
35、adio broadcast have aroused great interest among the students.A victim is a person,animal or thing _ suffers pain,death,harm,etc. thatthat先行词中既有人又有事物时，引导定语从先行词中既有人又有事物时，引导定语从句用句用that .Who _ you have ever seen can do it better ?Who _ you are talking to is the young fellow ? that thatWho做先行词时，引导定语从句用做
36、先行词时，引导定语从句用that 。Well done !三、不用三、不用that，而用而用which，who，whom的情况的情况He made the same mistakes again ,_ made his parents very angry.Yesterday I bought a dictionary,_ cost me more than 100 yuan .Mr Smith,_ gave a talk several months ago,will come again.My uncle has come back from abroad,_ I havent met f
37、or a long time.whichwhichwhowhom在非限制性定语从句中，指事物用在非限制性定语从句中，指事物用which，指人用指人用who或或whom。Her bag ,in _ she put all her money,has been stolen.This is the ring on _ she spent 1000 dollars.Xiao Wang, with _ I went to the concert, enjoyed it very much.whichwhichwhom在介词后面，指事物用在介词后面，指事物用which，指人用指人用whom。 注意：如何
38、判断介词The girl _ whom he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.He is the man _ whom I think you can depend .1、看定语从句中动词与介词的搭配、看定语从句中动词与介词的搭配foron2、看定语从句中形容词与介词的搭配、看定语从句中形容词与介词的搭配He referred me to some reference books _ which I am not very familiar.Dolphins might be trained to cooper
39、ate with fishermen and help them by finding or even catching fish, _ all of which activities dolphins are expert.withat3、根据先行词判断，所用的介词与先行词、根据先行词判断，所用的介词与先行词 搭配搭配The rate _ which wild animals are being destroyed has increased.This is our classroom, _ which there is a teachers desk.atin the front ofTh
40、e committee consists of 20 members,5 of _ are women.The book contains 50 poems, most of _ were written in the 1930s.There are two left, one of _ is almost finished, and the other of _ is not quite. I have a sentence, the meaning of _ I dont understand.whomwhichwhichwhichwhich名词名词/代词代词/数词数词+ of +whic
41、h/whomwhere 引导的定语从句引导的定语从句。先行词是表示地点的名词或含有地点意义的抽象名先行词是表示地点的名词或含有地点意义的抽象名词，用词，用where引导定语从句引导定语从句,在从句做状语。在从句做状语。This is the town where (= in which ) I spent my childhood.The table where (= at which ) she is sitting is a new one.Can you think of a situation where you may use this expression?注意注意 1 1若定语从
42、句缺主语或宾语，用若定语从句缺主语或宾语，用which或或that引导定语从句。引导定语从句。The library _ students often study was on fire last night.The library, _ was built in the 1930s,needs repairing.The library _/that_ you visited yesterday was built in 1990.wherewhichwhich注意注意 2 2区分区分where引导的定语从句和状引导的定语从句和状语从句语从句where前面有被修饰的地点名词时，是定语从句，否
43、则前面有被修饰的地点名词时，是定语从句，否则是状语从句。是状语从句。When you read books, you had better make a mark at the spot where you have any questions.When you read books , you had better make a mark where you have any questions.when 引导的定语从句。引导的定语从句。先行词是表示时间的名词，用先行词是表示时间的名词，用when引导定引导定语从句语从句,在从句作状语。在从句作状语。Ill never forget the
44、day when (= on which ) I met you.This was the time when ( =at which ) he left for Beijing .We will put off the outing until next week, when we wont be busy.注意注意:若定语从句缺主语或宾语，用若定语从句缺主语或宾语，用which或或that引导定语从句。引导定语从句。Ill never forget the day _ we first met in the park.Ill never forget the time _ I sent o
45、n campus.Ill never forget the time _ was spent with you.whenwhichthatwhichthatwhy引导的定语从句。引导的定语从句。先行词是表示原因的名词，用引导定语从句先行词是表示原因的名词，用引导定语从句,在从句在从句中作状语。中作状语。This is the reason why ( = for which ) I didnt come here.The reason _ she gave was not true.whichthatwhose 引导的定语从句。引导的定语从句。表示所属关系。表示所属关系。The river _
46、 banks are covered with trees flows to the sea.whoseThere are in this class 20 students, _ are different.A.whose backgrounds B.the backgrounds of whomC.of whom the backgrounds D.the backgrounds of whoseAdverbial Clause 时间状语从句1. I was reading when my mother came in.2. Dont go out before I come back .
47、3. Ill give you a phone as soon as I come back.4. The moment the button is pressed the machine starts.5. I waited for him until he came back.when,as,while,after,before,after,until,till,assoonas,themoment,表示“一就.”的句型1 as soon as 2. on doing/on ones n 3. no sooner (had done) than (did) hardly .(had don
48、e) when(did) scarcely (had done) when (did)The thief was caught _ _ _ he arrived in Dalian._ _ in Dalian, the thief was caught.Hardly _ the thief _ in Dalian _ he was caught.The thief _ _ _ _in Dalian than he was caught.The thief _ _ _ in Dalian _ he was caught. as soonasOn arrivinghadarrivedwhenhad
49、 nosoonerarrivedhad scarcelyarrivedwhenwhen/while/as/during/before 1.He whistled _ he milked the cow.2._he left school at fourteen, he began to make a living by himself.3._ a young man, he went to France for French.4.Beijing looks beautiful especially _ autumn.5.He was about to leave _ the telephone
50、 rang.6.It will be a long time _ we see each other again.7.He is very poor _his brother is rich.8._ taking a walk in the street, he saw an accident.asWhenAsduringwhenbeforewhileWhen/while地点状语从句1. Put the box where it was .2. I will follow you wherever you go. where,wherever1.The light went out, beca
51、use the oil was out.2. As it is raining, Ill not go out. 3. The days breaks ,for the birds are singing.4. Since you insist, Ill go.5. Now that you have finished your work, you may go now._ 原因状语_since,because,as,for,nowthat since/as/for/because1. Why didnt he come yesterday ? -_ he had something impo
52、rtant to do .2. It must have rained last night ,_ the ground is wet.3. _ everybody is here, lets begin the meeting.4. _ the weather is fine, wed better go swimming.5.It is _ he was ill that he did not come today.BecauseforSinceAsbecause 目的状语从句1.Ill speak slowly so that you can follow me.2.They set o
53、ut early in order that they might arrive on time.3.He took the umbrella in case it rained.4.He worked day and night in order to succeed.5.He raised his voice so as to be heard. so that , in order that, so as to , in order to ,in case, _ 结果状语从句1.He worked so hard that he passed the exam.2.He is such
54、a good boy that all love him.such that, so that .so thatsuch.as /suchthat /so.as /so .that1.Tonny is _ clever a boy _everyone likes.2.Tonny is _a clever boy _everyone likes him.3.There are _ many good things _ our students expect.4.They are _ little boys _ everyone likes them.5.The West Lake has _ a
55、ttractive scenery _everyone is eager to go to._soassuchthatsoassuchthatsuchas让步状语从句1.Although the TV set was very expensive, I still bought it.2.No matter what happened, he shouldnt give up.3.Even if the weather is bad, well make a trip.4.Try as I might, I couldnt lift the stone.although, though, wh
56、oever, no matter who, even if (though), as _as 1. Child as he is, the boy knows everything.2. Proud as he is, he is afraid to see me.3. Try as I might, I couldnt finish the work.4. Hard as he works, he couldnt succeed.adj/adv v + as + clause n although/though/as/even if /in spite of /despite1. _ she
57、 is young, she knows quite a lot.2 Clever _ he is , he doesnt study well.3. Nobody believed him _ his explanation.4. She returned to her old habit of smoking, _ I had persuaded her to give up.5. He said he would come ; he didnt ，_.6. Try to be honest to others , or you wont be happy _ you are rich.A
58、lthough/thoughasdespite /in spite of thoughthougheven if 条件状语从句1.Tell me about it if you have time.2.Dont speak unless you are asked to.3.Suppose (supposing) he is ill, what shall we do ？4.Youll do all right, as long as you follow his advice.if, unless, as long as , suppose, supposing,provided that
59、_状语从句中的省略状语从句中的省略 状语从句的省略原则主要是：如果从句中的主语和主句中的主语一致，就可以经过一定的变动把状语从句中的主语和谓语的一部分或全部省略，从而使语言更加简洁、明了。现就把各种状语从句的省略现象列举如下：一、时间状语从句中的省略When(shewas)veryyoung,shebegantolearntoplaythepiano.她很小时，就开始学习弹钢琴。While(Iwas)atcollege,Ibegantoknowhim,astrangebutablestudent.我在上大学时就开始认识他，一个奇怪但有能力的学生。Whenarriving,sendmeatele
60、gram.(Whenyouarrive,sendmeatelegram.)到达之后，来个电报。Dontcomeinuntil(youare)askedto.不叫你请你不要进来。Whenever(itis)possible,youshouldcomeandhelp.不管什么时候只要有可能就来帮忙。Youshouldletusknowtheresultassoonas(itis)possible.你应尽快让我们知道结果。二、地点状语从句中的省略二、地点状语从句中的省略地点状语从句的省略常用下列结构：where(ver)possible,where(ver)necessary,Laytheseboo
61、kswherepossibleyoucanfindthemeasily.把这些书放在你可能容易找到的地方。 Putinarticleswherevernecessaryinthefollowingpassages.在下列文章中需要的地方填入冠词。三、条件状语从句中的省略三、条件状语从句中的省略 常用的句型是：ifnecessary,ifpossible,iftrue,ifanyone等。如：Sendthegoodsnowif(theyare)ready.货物如果准备好了，请送过来。Hewillcomeif(heis)asked.如果叫他来，他就来。If(itis)necessary,ringm
62、eathome.如果有可能，朝我家里打电话。Comealongwithmeif(itis)possible.如果有可能和我一起去吧.。If(itis)true,thiswillcasueusalotoftrouble.如果是真的，这会给我们带来很多麻烦。Therearefewpeoplenowadays,if(thereare)any,whorememberhim.很少有人能记起他。Youshouldstaywhereyouare,unless(youare)askedtoleave.你应呆在你现在的地方不动，除非叫你动。四、让步状语从句中的省略四、让步状语从句中的省略 Heisagoodma
63、n,thoughsometimes(heis)ratherdull.他真是个好人，尽管有时有点无聊。Evenif(Iam)invitedto,Iwontgotosuchabadlecture.即使邀我去，我都不想听如此坏的报告。五、比较状语从句中的省略五、比较状语从句中的省略 Shecanplaythepianojustaswonderfullyasyou(do).她钢琴弹的我你弹的一样好。Shehasfinishedtheworkearlierthan(ithasbeen)expected.她这项工作比预料的提前完成六、方式状语从句中的省略六、方式状语从句中的省略 asif/asthough
64、后还可加n./a./ad./介词短语现在分词过去分词不定式。Heactsasif(hewere)afool.他的行为举止好象是个傻子。Shetalkedtothestrangerasif(shewere)absent-minded.她和陌生人谈话似乎很不在意。Heopenedthedesk,asif(hewere)insearchofsomethingimportant.他打抽屉仿佛要找一件什么重要的东西。Theboyisrunningimpatientlyhereandthereasif(hewere)searchingforsomethinglostonthesportsground.这男孩很不耐心地在操场上到处跑着仿佛在找什么东西。 The football player is rolling on the ground as if (he were) hurt badly in the leg. 足球运动员在操场上打着滚似乎他的腿伤得厉害。 He moved his lips as if (he wanted )to speak. 他的嘴动着仿佛要说什么。
