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1、English Pronunciation for CommunicationAPracticalCourseforStudentsofEnglishByWangGuizhenFacultyofEnglishLanguage&CultureGuangdongUniversityofForeignStudiesConsonants of the English Language&Chinese EFL Learners Difficulties in the Learning ProcessWhy use phonemic symbols?The alphabet which we use to
2、 write English has 26 letters but (British) English has 44 sounds. Inevitably, English spelling is not a reliable guide to pronunciation becauseSome letters have more than one sound Sometimes letters are not pronounced at all The same sound may be represented by different letters Sometimes syllables
3、 indicated by the spelling are not pronounced at all Questions:How do you pronounce gh in enough, through and ghost? (like f in fun, not pronounced, like g in got) How many syllables are there in chocolate? PhonemesPhonemesnLinguists classify the speech sounds used in a language into a number of abs
4、tract categories called phonemes. English, for example, has 44 phonemes, although the number varies according to the dialect of the speaker and the system of the classification. Phonemes are abstract categories which allow us to group together subsets of speech sounds. Even though no two speech soun
5、ds, or phones, are identical, all of the phones classified into one phoneme category are similar enough so that they convey the same meaning.DescriptionoftheEnglishconsonantsEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedaccordingto1.thepointsofarticulation2.themannersofarticulation3.thestateofthevocalcordsPointso
6、farticulationn1.bilabial(twolips)n2.labio-dental(topteeth/bottomlip)n3.dental(tonguetip/topteeth)n4.alveolar(tonguetip/toothridge)n5.postalveolar(tonguetipormid/hardpalate)n6.palatal(tonguemid/hardpalate)n7.velar(tongueback/softpalate)n8.glottalMannersofarticulationn1.Stops(orplosives)n2.Fricativesn
7、3.Affricatesn4.Nasalsn5.Lateraln6.ApproximantsEnglish Consonants1. Stops/Plosives - English has six bursts or explosive sounds produced by complete closure of the vocal tract followed by a rapid release of the closure - p, t, k, b, d, g. 2. Fricatives - English has nine fricatives - weak or strong f
8、riction noises produced when the articulators are close enough together to cause turbulence in the airflow.3. Affricates - English has two affricates - plosives released with frication - church and judge. 4. Nasals - English has three nasals in which the airflow is blocked completely at some point i
9、n the oral tract, but in which the lowering of the velum allows a weak flow of energy to pass through the nose. 5. Approximants - English has four approximants - the w in won, the l in like, the r in red, and the y in yes. In these phonemes, there is more constriction in the vocal tract than for the
10、 vowels, but less than the other consonant categories below. Englishconsonantsandtheirdescriptionn/p/-voicelessbilabiostopn/b/-voicedbilabiostopn/t/-voicelessalveolarstopn/d/-voicedalveolarstopn/k/-voicelessvelarstopn/-voicedvelarstopn/f/-voicelesslabiodentalfricativen/v/-voicedlabiodentalfricativen
11、/-voicelessdentalfricativen/-voiceddentalfricativen/s/-voicelessalveolarfricativesn/z/-voicedalveolarfricativeEnglishconsonantsandtheirdescriptionn/-voicelesspost-alveolarfricativen/-voicedpost-alveolarfricativen/h/-voicelessglottalfricativen/t/-voicelesspost-alveolaraffricaten/d/-voicedpost-alveola
12、raffricaten/m/-voicedbilabialnasaln/n/-voicedalveolarnasaln/n/-voicedvelarnasaln/l/-voicedalveolarlateraln/w/-voicedbilabialapproximantn/r/-voicedpost-alveolarapproximantn/j/-voicedpalatalapproximantThepronunciationof/p/and/b/Thepronunciationof/t/and/d/Thepronunciationof/k/and/g/音位变体n位于词首且是重读音节中，送气：
13、poke,tape,keep.n位于词尾失去爆破：toptea,robtheman,sitstill,takethree,lagbehind.n两相同辅音相连，不爆破，延长发音时间：stopPete,robBob,letTim(比较lethim),sadDave,takeKim(比较takehim),biggrapes.n/s/后辅音连缀不送气：spot,stop,sky.n受相邻辅音影响：eighth,width(齿化),clock,padlock,glad(共发音舌侧爆破),keen,geese(发音部位前移).I.LearningofEnglishconsonantsII.Frequen
14、cyofoccurrenceofEnglishconsonantsEx.1 WritedowntheEnglishconsonantsaccordingtothedescriptionn1._n2._n3._n4._n5._n6._n7._n8._nEx.2MaterialsforreadingaloudnAmericans eat breakfast and lunch quickly unless it is a social, business or family occasion. The evening meal is usually longer and a time for fa
15、milies to gather together. Rushing through daytime meals is part of the fast pace in America. Another reason for rushing through daytime meals is that many people eat in restaurants that are usually crowded with people waiting for a place so that they can be served and return to work at the proper t
16、ime. So each one hurries to make room for the next person. As with busy people everywhere, there is a real difference between meals that are eaten in a hurry and those that can be enjoyed slowly with friends.作业：n在网络上完成教材Unit2练习题。n每天坚持朗读语音教材。0z)v&s#pXmUiRfOcK9H5E2B+x(u%rZoWkThQeMbJ8G4D1A-w*t!qYnVjSgP
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