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1、克拉玛依市高级中学克拉玛依市高级中学刘守疆刘守疆一.相关概念1.名词名词：表示人或事物的名称的词：表示人或事物的名称的词2.名词的句法作用名词的句法作用：名词在句中主要作：名词在句中主要作主语主语,宾语宾语,表语和同位语表语和同位语。另外还可以作。另外还可以作定语定语,状语状语。3.名词性从句名词性从句：在英语的句子结构中，本来该由名词充在英语的句子结构中，本来该由名词充当的当的主主语语、宾语宾语、表语表语和和同位语同位语，由一，由一个句子来充当个句子来充当,这个句子就叫这个句子就叫:名词性从句。名词性从句。语序问题语序问题特殊句式特殊句式关联词的区分关联词的区分种类种类虚拟语气在名词性从句中
2、的应用虚拟语气在名词性从句中的应用1.Whenwewillstartisnotclear.2.MrsBlackwontbelievethathersonhasbecomeathief.3.Myideaisthatweshoulddoitrightnow.4.Ihadnoideathatyouwereherfriend.主语从句主语从句宾语从句宾语从句表语从句表语从句同位语从句同位语从句I名名词性从句的种类词性从句的种类 Rope or ox? Themanintheprisonaskedanewcomerwhyhewassentthere.Thenewcomeranswered,“Iamout
3、ofluck,Ithink.AfewdaysagoIwaswalkinginthestreetwhenIsawapieceofdirtyrope.IthoughtnobodywanteditsoIpickeditupandtookithome.”“Butitisnotagainstthelawthatamanpicksupapieceofropeandtakehome!”“ItoldyouIhadbadluck,didntI?”themansighed,“ThetroubleisthatIdidntnoticetherewasanoxattheotherendofthatrope.”IIII
4、语序问题语序问题1.The photographs will show you_（MET89）A.whatdoesourvillagelooklikeB.whatourvillagelookslikeC.howdoesourvillagelooklikeD.howourvillagelookslikev2.Youcanhardlyimagine_whenheheardthenews.vA.howhewasexcitedvB.howwasheexcitedvC.howexcitedhewasvD.hewashowexcited3.Heasked_foraviolin.（MET92）A.didIp
5、ayhowmuchB.IpaidhowmuchC.howmuchdidIpayD.howmuchIpaid. . 名词性从句的连接词名词性从句的连接词一、主语从句一、主语从句1.1.连连词词thatthat( (无无词词义义, , 不不作作成成分分, , 不不能能省省略略););whetherwhether( (是否是否),),不用不用ifif. .2.That he will come and help usus is is certain.certain.3.Whether we will succeed is is still still a a question.question.注意
6、注意: : 已确定的事由已确定的事由thatthat引导引导; ; 没没决决定定的的事事由由whetherwhether引导引导. . 二.主语从句主语从句1.1.主语从句的连接词主语从句的连接词1).连接词连接词:that,whether例例:(1)._hewillwiniscertain.(2).Ithasbeenreported_salesofbeefinChinawillincrease.(3)._weshallraiseducksorgeeseremainstobedecided.(4)._helljoinusinthediscussionisofgreatimportance.Th
7、atthatWhetherWhether2）.连连接接代代词词what,whatever,who,whoever,whose,which,whichever等等.What he ishasnothingtodowithyou.Whose ticket this is has not beenfoundout.连接代词连接代词:who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever(1).Itisclearisafraidofhavingachangeinlandownership.(2)._bagitiscannotbetold.(3)._In
8、dianeedsisalawtomakelandownershipfairer.whoWhoseWhat(4).Itisnotyetdecided_cashcropwillbeproducednextyear.(5)._hesaidwasright.(6)._gotheremustgetreadyby6oclock.whichWhateverWhoever3.连连接接副副词词when(ever),where(ever),why,how(ever),howlong, how often, how soon, howfar,howmany/much等等.When the test will be
9、givenisnotyetdecided.How much we can spendmustbeagreedon.连接副词连接副词:when,where,why,how,howmany,howmuch,howlong,howsoon,howoften(1)._wellstarttomorrowwillbetoldsoon.(2)._wecanbuyoxenissomethingweneedtofindout.(3)._hecamehereisnotknown.WhenWhereHow/When(4)._wecanprotectthegrainfromdampneedstobediscussed
10、.(5)._peoplediedfromstarvationthatyearwillneverbeknown.(6)._hellgotoseehisgrandmotherdependsonthetimehecanspare.HowHowmanyHowoften主谓一致问题主谓一致问题特殊句式特殊句式It worried her a bit _ herhairwasturninggrey.（MET92）AwhileB.thatCifDforCan you understand them?Itiswellknown/reported/thought/saidthatItisclear/necess
11、ary/certain/truethatItisapity/ashame/anhonorthatItdoesntmatterwhetherItseemsthatIthappensthat 为为 了了 使使 句句 子子 保保 持持 平平 衡衡 ， 常常 用用_来来代代替替主主语语从从句句或或宾宾语语从从句句，而而 把把 主主 语语 从从 句句 或或 宾宾 语语 从从 句句 放放 到到_，尤尤其其是是连连词词thatthat引引导导的的主主语语从从句句常常用用于于此此种种句句式式中中，但但whatwhat， whateverwhatever， whoeverwhoever， whicheverwh
12、ichever引导的主语从句一般不后置。引导的主语从句一般不后置。请你归纳请你归纳 ？it后面后面三、主语从句典型错误三、主语从句典型错误1：Thatshewantstoknowiswhichdresssheshouldbuy.2:Hewillgiveuphisjobsurprisesallofus.3:Nomatterwhobreaksthelawwillbepunished.4:Ifthemeetingwillbeheldinourschoolisnotknownyet.5:Thatworriedherabitwasthathecouldntgetintouchwithherfriend.
13、6:HeissaidhehasgonetoAmerica.WhatThatheWhoeverWhetherItWhat二二. . 宾语从句宾语从句1.由连词由连词that引导引导:that常可省略常可省略。Itoldhim(that)Iwouldcomebacksoon.注注：并并列列第第二二个个以以上上的的宾宾语语从从句句,或或有插入语时不能省略有插入语时不能省略that.)He said (that) he had finishedreading this novel and that hewouldborrowanotherone.宾语从句宾语从句引导宾语从句的引导宾语从句的that常常
14、可以省略常常可以省略,但在以下情况但在以下情况不能省略不能省略.1)make,find,feel,consider这些词后面用这些词后面用it作形式宾语时作形式宾语时,that不能省略。不能省略。I find it necessary that we study English .2)及物动词后有及物动词后有两个宾语从句两个宾语从句时，时，第二个第二个that不能省略。不能省略。He said (that) he would go there the next day and that his family wouldnt go there . 3)与动词与动词相隔离相隔离的宾语从句，的宾语从
15、句，that不能省略。不能省略。The teacher tells us very often that we should study hard . 4)宾语从句放在宾语从句放在句首句首时时,为了为了表示强调表示强调,that不能省略。不能省略。That he has done such a thing I cant believe .二二. . 宾语从句宾语从句用用it作作形形式式宾宾语语,that引引导导的的真真正正的的宾语从句放后面时宾语从句放后面时,that不省略不省略.Hemadeitclearthat he objected to the plan.当宾语从句后面有补语的时候当宾
16、语从句后面有补语的时候,我们也需我们也需要用要用形式宾语形式宾语it,而将宾语从句放在补语而将宾语从句放在补语之后之后,如：如：（1）Ifounditverydifficultthatonelearnsseverallanguagesatthesametime.（2）HethinksitnecessarythatweshouldbegivenmoretimepractisingoralEnglish.make,think,consider,feel,find2. 由由wh-引导词引导。引导词引导。Wefullyunderstoodwhat he meant.Do you know whethe
17、r/if she is coming here?1.Ibelievethattheteacherwillconsideroursuggestions.2.Healwaysthinksofhowhecandoitwell.3.Shewaspraisedforwhatshehaddone.4.HewantstoknowifIstillstudyEnglish.5.Iaminterestedinwhetherhecandoitinsuchashorttime.1.介词后的宾从介词后的宾从.Everythingdependsonwhetheritisfinetomorrow.2.whetherorno
18、t的宾从的宾从.Idontknowwhetherornotshelllikeit.3.复合不定式只能用复合不定式只能用whether.Telluswhethertogoorstayhere.whether与与if有有时时可可以以换换用用，但但下下列列情况情况只能用只能用whether.三三. . 表语从句表语从句表表语语从从句句的的引引导导词词与与主主语语从从句句和和宾语从句相同宾语从句相同. . 但但: : 1. 1. thatthat引引导导表表语语从从句句时时不能省不能省. . 2 2. . ifif不能引导表语从句不能引导表语从句. . 表语从句的引导词表语从句的引导词: :基本上与主
19、语从句的引导词相同基本上与主语从句的引导词相同.连连词除了词除了that,whether(不用不用if)外外,还可以还可以用用because；在连系动词；在连系动词seem,look之后之后还可用还可用asthough(asif).e.g.(1).Thatishowmiceruinmanystoresofgraineveryyear.(2).Thequestionwaswhenthebutcherwaslikelytocomebackfromthetown.(3).ThefactremainsthatachangeinlandownershipisneededinIndia.(4).Thati
20、swhathetoldus.(5).Itseemsasifitisgoingtorain. 注意点注意点1). 1). 表语从句一律用表语从句一律用陈述句陈述句的的语序语序. .2).2).表语从句的引导词表语从句的引导词thatthat无实际意义无实际意义, ,但不能省略但不能省略. .3).3).表语从句只能用表语从句只能用whetherwhether, ,而不能用而不能用if if 引导引导. .4).4).不要不要使用使用 The reason is The reason is because because 句型句型, ,应使用应使用 The reason is The reason
21、 is thatthat 或或 This / it /that/ This / it /that/ is is becausebecause等句型等句型. .例如例如:今天早上他迟到的原因是因为路上今天早上他迟到的原因是因为路上行人太多行人太多.1.Thereasonwhyhewaslatethismorningisbecausethattherewasalotoftrafficontheroad.2.Thereasonwhyhewaslatethismorningisthattherewasalotoftrafficontheroad.3.Hewaslatethismorning.Thatw
22、asbecausetherewasalotoftrafficontheroad.表语从句典型错误：表语从句典型错误：1：ThereasonwhyIwaslatewasbecauseImissedthetrain.2:-Irangyouataboutten,butthereisnoreply.-Oh,thatwasprobablywhyIwasseeingthedoctor.3:Thedifficultywenowmeetwithisifwecanpersuadehimtotellthetruth.thatwhenwhether四四. . 同位语从句同位语从句同同位位语语从从句句一一般般跟跟在在
23、名名词词fact, news, promise, truth,belief, thought, idea, answer,information,knowledge,doubt, hope, law, opinion,plan, suggestion后后面面, 用用以以说说明或解释前面的名词的明或解释前面的名词的内容内容.Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthematchistrue.Hisdelayisduetothefactthatthecarwentwronghalfway.1.Thesuggestionthat he should not go thereisofgrea
24、tvalue.2.Thesuggestionthat he madeisofgreatvalue.3.Thefactthat he won the first placecantbedenied.4.Thefactthat he told meexcitedme.主语从句、同位语从句、定语从句的区别主语从句、同位语从句、定语从句的区别Thatshedidbestintheexampleasedherparents.Thenewsthatourteamwonthefirstprizeexcitedallofus.Thenewsthatweknowfromherexcitedallofus.解释说
25、明；解释说明；that在从句中不充当任何成分在从句中不充当任何成分修饰限定；修饰限定；that在从句中有成分在从句中有成分注注:1.1.同位语从句多用同位语从句多用that 引导引导2. 在在have no idea 之之后后常常用用wh-引导同位语从句引导同位语从句. I have no idea where he hasgone.Ihavenoideawhenhedidit.Ihavenoideawhathedid.1.Ihavenoideathatyouwerehere.2.Shealwaysasksherselfthequestionwhatshewillbe.3.Therecanbe
26、nodoubtthatsheisqualifiedforthejob.4.WordcamethatChinahaswonanothergoldmedalintheOlympicGamesbeingheldinAthens,Greece.1.1.同位语从句的引导词同位语从句的引导词: : thatthat2.2.同位语从句和定语从句的区别同位语从句和定语从句的区别: :如果如果that作从句中的某一成分作从句中的某一成分,则是则是定语从句定语从句,如果如果that不作从句中的任何不作从句中的任何成分成分,则是则是同位语同位语从句从句.例例:(1).Ihadnoideathatitwassolat
27、e.(主系表结构主系表结构,that不作从句不作从句中的成分中的成分,同位语从句同位语从句)(2).Istillremembertheplacethatwevisitedlastyear注：注：同位语从句同位语从句VSVS定语从句定语从句： （1 1）同位语从句的）同位语从句的先行名词先行名词极为有限，极为有限，而定语从句的而定语从句的先行词先行词则不计其数。则不计其数。 （2 2）引导同位语从句的连词）引导同位语从句的连词thatthat在句中在句中不担任句子成分不担任句子成分，而引导定语从句的，而引导定语从句的thatthat则在从句中则在从句中作主语，宾语等作主语，宾语等。 (3)(3)
28、引导同位语从句的引导同位语从句的wh-wh-词多具有疑问词多具有疑问意义，而引导定语从句的意义，而引导定语从句的whwh一词则没有一词则没有疑问意义。疑问意义。 （4 4）同位语从句与先行名词是）同位语从句与先行名词是等同等同关系关系，一个，一个具体具体，一个，一个抽象抽象，两者，两者常可以转述为常可以转述为主表关系主表关系; ;而定语从句而定语从句与先行词是与先行词是修饰修饰与与被修饰关系被修饰关系。（4 4）whenwhen和和wherewhere引导的同位语从引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别。句与定语从句的区别。when when 和和wherewhere前面的名词若是表示时间、前面的名
29、词若是表示时间、地点的名词，则地点的名词，则whenwhen和和wherewhere引导引导的是的是定语从句定语从句，否则则为同位语从，否则则为同位语从句。如：句。如： They put forward the question They put forward the question where they could get the where they could get the moneymoney. . This is the place This is the place where the where the accident happened.accident happened
30、. thatthat引导的同位语从句前面引导的同位语从句前面的名词常见的有的名词常见的有: :idea,fact,news,belief,thought,doubt,suggestion,proof,message,order,conclusion,desire,theory,truth,word等等.Wordcamethat-Newscamethat-Rumorcamethat-Astorygoesthat-w 1.that与与whatw2.if与与whetherw3.who与与whoeverwwhat与与whateverIV关联词的区分关联词的区分1.用用that 或或what 填空填空v
31、1.Iwonderifthisis_youarelookingfor.v2.Ourschoolisquitedifferentfrom_itwasbefore.v3.Fathermadeapromise_ifIpassedtheexaminationhewouldbuymeacomputer.whatwhatthatv4._Icantunderstandiswhyhehaschangedhismind.v5._theearthisroundisknowntousall.WhatThat1）_youdontlikehimisnoneofmybusiness.（1992)A.WhatB.WhoC.
32、ThatD.Whether 高考题选萃高考题选萃2)_hesaidatthemeetingastonishedeverybodypresent.(93)A.WhatB.ThatC.ThefactD.Thematter3)Theresafeelinginme_wellneverknowwhataUFOis-notever.(2002）A.thatB.whichC.ofwhichD.what2.用用if或或whether填空填空1.Idontknow_Illbefreetomorrow.2.Idontknow_ornotIllbefreetomorrow.3.Thequestionis_thisb
33、ookisworthwriting.whether/ifwhetherwhether4.Itdependson_wewillhaveenoughmoney.5._theycandoitmatterslittletous.6._youarenotfreetomorrow,Illgowithoutyou.a.主语从句、表语从句、同位语从主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、句、介词后面的宾语从句只能用介词后面的宾语从句只能用whether，不能用不能用if；b.后面紧跟后面紧跟ornot时时,用用whetherwhetherWhetherIf1._the2000OlympicGameswillbehel
34、dinBeijingisnotknownyet.A.WheneverB.IfC.WhetherD.That2._wellgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.A.IfB.WhetherC.ThatD.Where高考题选萃高考题选萃3.选择填空（what,whatever,who,whoeverv1._wassaidheremustbekeptsecret.v2._weneedismoretime.v3._madethelongdistancecalltohimisnotimportant.v4._breaksthelawwillbepunished.What
35、everWhatWhoWhoeverv _等引导的名等引导的名词性从句词性从句不含有疑问意义不含有疑问意义，相当，相当于名词后加一个定语从句，而于名词后加一个定语从句，而v_等引导的等引导的名词性从句都名词性从句都含有疑问意义含有疑问意义。请你归纳请你归纳who,whoever/what,whatever ?whoever,whateverWho,what1._hashelpedtosavethedrowninggirlisworthpraising.(99)A.WhoB.TheoneC.AnyoneD.Whoever高考题选萃高考题选萃2.Sarahhopestobecomeafriendo
36、f_sharesherinterests.A.anyoneB.whomeverC.whoeverD.nomatterwho 3.Thesewildflowersaresospecial,Iwoulddo_Icantosavethem.A.whateverB.thatC.whichD.whichever4. It is generally consideredunwisetogiveachild_heorshewants.（NMET97）A.howeverB.whateverC.whicheverD.whenever5._leavestheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelig
37、hts.（MET88）A.AnyoneB.ThepersonC.WhoeverD.Who在在advise,command,demand，desireinsist，order,propose,require,request，suggest，等表示等表示坚持，坚持，命令，建议，要求命令，建议，要求等意义的动词后，等意义的动词后，宾语从句要用虚拟语气，动词形式宾语从句要用虚拟语气，动词形式为为:shoulddo，should可省，直接可省，直接用动词原形。用动词原形。V.V.虚拟语气在名词性从句中的应用虚拟语气在名词性从句中的应用这种虚拟语气也可以运用在其他的名词这种虚拟语气也可以运用在其他的名词性
38、从句中性从句中,从句内容不变从句内容不变,如如:（1）Itwassuggestedthatweshouldgooutingthisweekend.（主语从句）（主语从句）（2）Hemadeasuggestionthatweshouldgooutingthisweekend.（同位（同位语从句）语从句）（3）Hissuggestionwasthatweshouldgooutingthisweekend.（表语从句）（表语从句）（1）Hesuggestedthatwe（should）gooutingthisweekend.（2）TheEmperororderedthattheclothes（sho
39、uld）bemadeforhimatonce.（3）Heinsistedthatwe（should）stayforlunch. VI VI 巩固练习巩固练习 1.Thequestionis_thefilmisworthseeingAifBwhatCwhetherDhow2.Oneofthemenheldtheview_thebooksaidwasrightAthatwhatBwhatthatCthatDwhether3.Dr.BlackcomesfromeitherOxfordorCambridge,Icantremember_.AwhereBthereCwhichDthat4.Energyi
40、s_makesthingsworkAwhatBeverythingCsomethingDanything5.Thereason_Ihavetogois_mymotherisillinbedA.why;whyB.why;becauseC.why;thatD.that;because6.He doesnt think the question of _theyaremenorwomenisimportantA.whetherB.ifC.whichD.why7.It was ordered that all the soldiers_tothefrontA.shouldsendB.mustbesen
41、tC.shouldbesentD.mustgo8.Airistous_wateristofishA.isthatB.whatC.whichD.that1.ThatIndianeedsisalawtomakelandownershipfairer.2.Ifthemeetingwillbeheldremainsunknown.3.Landownershipinsomecountriesisunfairisobvious.- WhatWhetherThat4.Thatisasurprisethatsheisstillalive.5.Theproblemisifwewillraiseducksorge
42、ese.6.Thereasonwhyhefailedtheexamisbecausehedidntworkhard.7.Thequestionishowyoushoulddonext.-Itwhetherthatwhat8.Thefacttheearthtravelsroundthesunisknowntoall.9.Youmustrememberthefactwhathetoldyou.10.Itisgenerallyconsideredunwisetogiveachildnomatterwhatheorshewants._whateverthat or: /that What & that
43、 1._ he said at the conference astonished everybody.2.It worried her a lot _ her hair was turning grey.3.It is _ we can do not _ we are and where we come from that mattersWhatthatwhatwhat4.We human beings are often after _ we cant get but neglect _ we already have.5.The question is _ is to be done n
44、ext. 6._ the elegant girl does not show any interest in the rough boy is clear.7.The fact _ China is no longer _ it used to be astonished the foreigners.whatwhatwhatThatwhatthat8.I believe _ you have done your best and _ things will improve in time.9._ surprised her most was _ her well-behaved boyfr
45、iend smoked like a chimney the moment they got married.10.Finally the thief handed everything _ he had stolen to the police.that(that)Whatthat(that) Whether & if 1._ we will go camping tomorrow depends on _ it is fine tomorrow.2. I dont know _ or not the report is true.3. I wonder _ it doesnt rain.W
46、hetherwhetherwhetherwhether/ if Whether & if 1._ we will go camping tomorrow depends on _ it is fine tomorrow.2. I dont know _ or not the report is true.3. I wonder _ it doesnt rain.Whetherwhetherwhetherwhether/if4. The problem is _ we can collect enough money for setting up schools for the dropouts
47、.5. It doesnt matter so much _ you will come or not.6.Id like to know _ you have finished the project. _ you have finished it , please give me a ring. whetherwhether if /whetherwhether Who/ whoever/ whomever1. _ will win the gold medal remains to be seen.2. _ wants to ask questions is welcome any ti
48、me.3. The manager decided to offer the job to _ he believed had a strong sense of duty.WhoWhoeverwhoever4. _ you choose as your wife has nothing to do with me.5. _ breaks the law should be punished.6. There is no doubt that anyone _ doesnt give in to difficulties will be successful at last. Its only
49、 a matter of time.WhomeverWhoeverwho5.Some senior officials eat chicken in public in order to remove the Chinese citizens fear thatitisnotsafetoeatchicken. 4.All I want to know is whosebookyouarereading. 2. It is still a question whetherourdreamswillcometrue. 1.If we learn to accept change and appre
50、ciate whatisnewanddifferent, we will be well-prepared for whateverthefuturemayhaveinstore.WhatisthefunctionoftheNounClausesinthesentencesbelow?Matcheachsentencewithanyofthethreefunctionsinthebox.A. Subject B.Object C.Predicative D.Appositive1_ 2_ 3_ 4_5_B 3. Howwecandeveloptransportationwithoutpollu
51、tingtheenvironment is still a problem.ACDAChoose the best answers.1._they are leaving for Paris has not been decided yet.A.When B.Where C.That D. Why2.Go and get your coat. Its _you left it. A.there B. where C.there where D.where thereB.3. Last night we heard the news_the British prime Minister was on a visit to China.C.A.which B.what C. whatever D.thatD.4. It is generally considered unwise to give a child_he or she wants.E.A.however B.whichever C. whenever D. whateverF.5.His grandfather was among the first to settle in _is now a famous holiday center.G.A.what B.which C.when D.that
