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1、Power Distance ICultural Dimensions文化纬度理论文化纬度理论v文化跨度理论是跨文化理论中至今最具影响力的一个理论，由荷兰管理学者郝夫斯特（Hofstede）提出。v通过对各国的IBM员工的调查研究，郝夫斯特发现有五大因素五大因素可以帮助我们区分民族文化对雇员的工作价值观和工作态度的影响。 五大因素(5 cultural dimensions ) v权力距离指数（权力距离指数（Power Distance Index缩写为缩写为PDI）v个人主义指数（个人主义指数（Individualism缩写为缩写为IDV）v男性主义指数（男性主义指数（Masculinity
2、缩写为缩写为MAS）v不确定因素的规避指数（不确定因素的规避指数（Uncertainty Avoidance Index缩缩 写为写为UAI）v长期取向指数（长期取向指数（Long-Term Orientation缩写为缩写为LTO） vFor references, you can go to the following website to check out more details and different scores of different countries.vhttp:/www.geert- v（You can find the scores of your country
3、 on his website.）A.A.权力距离权力距离Power Distance Index vPower Distance Index v (Authority Dimension)v vPower Distance Index (PDI)focusesonthedegreeofequality, or inequality, between people in the countryssociety.vAHighPowerDistancerankingindicatesthatinequalitiesofpowerandwealthhavebeenallowedtogrowwithi
4、nthesociety. Thesesocietiesaremorelikelytofollowacastesystemthatdoesnotallowsignificantupwardmobilityofitscitizens.vA Low Power Distance ranking indicates the society de-emphasizes the differences between citizens power andwealth. In these societies equality and opportunity foreveryoneisstressed.For
5、mation and definition of PDI权力距离指数的来源和定义vStatus 现状vFormation 形成、来源vDefinition 定义vPlease turn to our handoutsv 请同学们看材料Status现状：Inequality in societyvThere is inequality everywhere, in any society.vSome people are stronger, smarter, wealthier, or more powerful than some other people.vBut Physical and
6、intellectual capacities, power, wealth, and status may or may not go together.vIn some countries, people try to resolve the inequality.vIn other countries, people feel it is a good thing, rather than a problem. Formation of PDI PDI数据的收集和形成vIBM员工，来自50多个国家v对相同级别的，却来自不同国家的员工，测试了相同的问题，并用1、2、3、4、5来表示他们的答
7、案。v例题v 在你的经历中，你是否经常遇到这个事情：下属很害怕向他们的上级表达不同意见？（答案是1-5，1代表非常频繁，5代表非常少）v v这些问题都是由IBM公司的员工回答的，他们的这些答案代表了一个相对的不同，由于他们在公司里面的职位和公司文化是相似的，因此答案的不同很大程度上代表了他们所来自的不同的文化背景。vLets refer to Table 2.1 - page 27Definition定义vPower Distance: v the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizatio
8、ns within a country except and accept that power is distributed unequallyv权利距离的定义：权利距离的定义： v 一个社会中的人群对权力分配不平等这一事实一个社会中的人群对权力分配不平等这一事实的接受程度。的接受程度。vHandout reading:vFamilyvSchoolvworkplacePower Distance USChina |-(40)-|-(80)-|0 50 100vLimiteddependenceofsubordinatesonbossesvPreferenceforconsultationvR
9、eadytoapproachandcontradicttheirbossesvEmotionaldistanceissmallvConsiderabledependenceofsubordinatesonbossesvPreferencefordependence/rejectingitentirelyvNotlikelytoapproachandcontradicttheirbossesvEmotionaldistanceislargePower Distance in families USChina |-(40)-|-(80)-|0 50 100vChildrenaretreatedas
10、equalsassoonastheyareabletoact.vChildrenlearntobeindependentandhavetodotheirownstuffwhentheyareveryyoung.vAchildisallowedtocontradicthis/herparents.vTheylearntosaynoveryearly.vChildrenareexpectedandeducatedtobeobedienttotheirparents.vIndependentbehaviorofchildisnotencouraged.Youngeronesarealwaysbein
11、gtakencareofbyolderonesandparents.vYoungerchildrenareexpectedtoyieldtoolderones.vAuthoritycontinuestoplayaroleinchildrenslife,eveniftheyareadults.Power Distance at school USChina |-(40)-|-(80)-|0 50 100vTeachersandstudentsaretreatedasequalstoeachother.vTheeducationalprocessisstudent-centered.vTeache
12、rshavenoresponsibilityforthestudentsstudy.Thestudentsareexpectedtofindtheirownwayofstudy.vTheycanexpressdisagreementinfrontoftheteacher.vOvertstudentfeedback.vTeachersaretreatedwithrespect,evenoutsideschool.“guru”vTheeducationalprocessisteacher-centered.vTeachersplannedanintellectualpathsforthestude
13、ntstofollow.vStudentsspeakuponlywheninvitedto.vCovertstudentfeedback.Power Distance in the workplace USChina |-(40)-|-(80)-|0 50 100vDecentralizationispopular.vSubordinatesexpecttobeconsultedondecisions.vAnidealbossisaresourcefuldemocrat.vPrivilegesandstatussymbolsarefrownedon.vPoweriscentralizedasm
14、uchaspossibleinafewhands.vSubordinatesexpecttobetoldwhattodo.vAnidealbossisagoodfather.vPrivilegesandstatussymbolsareexpectedandpopular.Power Distance IIThe origins of Power distance differencesFigure 5.2 Low and High Power Distance CulturesvLow Power DistanceHigh Power DistancevGermanic EuropeAfric
15、avScandinavian EuropeAsiavAnglo SaxonsEastern EuropevnAustraliaMediterranean EuropevnCanadaLatin AmericavnUnited KingdomMiddle EastvnUnited StatesvnNew ZealandvScandinavian n.(北欧一地区,包括挪威、瑞典、丹麦、冰岛的)斯堪的纳维亚人语vHandout page 43Quiz5.1:WeatherandCulturevIn northern hemispheres with harsher weather patterns
16、 and lowerpopulationdensity,wouldasocietysmajorenemybe:vA.othergroupsofpeoplevB.naturevvIn southern hemispheres with more moderate climates and higherpopulationdensity,wouldasocietysmajorenemybe:vA.othergroupsofpeoplevB.nature vHandout page 45Figure 5.3 National Culture Vs. SubculturevCountrySubcult
17、urevNetherlands (low PDI)Banking (High PDI)vBrazil (High PDI)Musicians (low PDI)vCanada (Low PDI) Military (high PDI)vChina (high PDI)Website Designers (Low PDI)Quiz 5.4: Power Distance and GendervHow would you match the following in comparison to the national average U.S. Power Distance score?v A American womenvA. lower PDI scores B American menvB. higher PDI scores B Hispanic-Americansv B African-Americans
