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1、本周四晚课改为自由实践课,经图书馆查阅电子期本周四晚课改为自由实践课,经图书馆查阅电子期刊刊(电子阅览室电子阅览室)或各阅览室的纸质期刊,将对或各阅览室的纸质期刊,将对期刊期刊(化学类化学类)的了解方式、了解并对其中某一期刊的内的了解方式、了解并对其中某一期刊的内容进行描述以邮件形式发到如下邮箱,截止日期容进行描述以邮件形式发到如下邮箱,截止日期2010.9.20:标题:班级标题:班级+学号学号+姓名姓名第四周始星期四晚第四周始星期四晚9,10节课调至新图书馆一楼就节课调至新图书馆一楼就业指导中心的多媒体教室业指导中心的多媒体教室 高校化学工程学报高校化学工程学报For example学报:学
2、报:有机化学、无机化学、有机化学、无机化学、分析化学、物理化学、分析化学、物理化学、中国化学、高分子化学、中国化学、高分子化学、理化检验理化检验.有机化合物命名有机化合物命名Nomenclature of Organic Compounds Origin of organic compoundsNaturally occurring organic compounds are found in plants, animals, and fossil fuelsAll of these have a plant originAll of these rely on the “fixing” of
3、 C from CO2Synthetic organic compounds are derived from fossil fuels or plant materialIntroductionMost current research focuses on Organic Originally from “organic” meaning lifeNot just chemistry of life, chemistry of carbonExceptions:oxides of carbon (CO2, CO)carbonates,bicarbonates(NaHCO3,CaCO3)cy
4、anides (NaCN, etc)C C CCC One C with no H, or with metalCarbon can form four bonds Carbon forms four bondsCarbon can form four bonds, and forms strong covalent bonds with other elementsThis can be represented in many ways Organic Chemistry:Functional Groups Functional groupsFunctional groups are par
5、ts of molecules that result in characteristic featuresAbout 100 functional groups exist, we will focus on about 10Useful to group the infinite number of possible organic compoundsE.g. the simplest group is hydrocarbons Made up of only C and H Not really a functional “group” Further divided into:Alka
6、nes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Aromatics一些作词头的常见官能团一些作词头的常见官能团Characteristic groupprefixCharacteristic groupprefix-Brbromo-IO2iodyl-Clchloro-I(OH)2dihydroxyiodo-ClOchlorosyl-N2diazo-ClO2chloryl-N3azido-ClO3perchloryl-NOnitroso-Ffluoro-NO2nitro-Iiodo-ORR-oxy-IOiodosyl-SRR-thio主要官能团作词头和词尾时的应用名称主要官能团作词头和词尾时的应用
7、名称ClassFormulaPrefixSuffixcarboxylic-COOHcarboxy-carboxylic acidacid-(C)OOH-oic acidsulfonic acid-SO3Hsulfo-sulfonic acidsalts-COOM-(C)OOM-metalcarboxylatemetaloateesters-COOR-(C)OORR-oxycarbonyl-R-carboxylateR-carboxylateacid halides-CO-halogen-(C)O-halideHaloformyl-carbonyl halide-oyl halideamides
8、-CO-NH2-(C)O-NH2Carbamoyl-carboxamide-amideamidine-C(=NH)-NH2-(C)(=NH)-NH2Amidino-carboxamidine-amidineClassFormulaPrefixSuffixnitriles-C=N-(C)=NCyano-carbonitrile-nitrilealdehydes-CHO-(C)HOformyloxo-carbaldehyde-alketones=(C)=Ooxo-oneAlcohols and phenols-OHhydroxy-olthiols-SHmeracapto-thiolamines-N
9、H2amino-amineimines-NHimino-imineethers-ORR-oxy-sulfides-SRR-thio-Organic compounds1. Hydrocarbon (烃烃) a) Saturated Methane (C1); Ethane(C2); Propane (C3); Butane (C4); Pentane (C5); Hexane (C6); Heptane (C7); Octane (C8); Nonane (C9); Decane(C10); Undecane (C11); Dodecane (C12); Tri+decane(C13); Te
10、tra+decane(C14) .Nona+decane(C19) CH4 (Methane) -CH3 (Methyl) C2H6 (Ethane) -C2H5 (Ethyl) (1)mono-,(2)di -, (3)tri- , (4)tetra- ,(5)penta-,(6)hexa-, (7)hepta-, (8)octa-, (9)nona, (10)deca- , 1119Alkane = Number prefix-decaneFor example: 11-alkane Undecane 12-alkane Dodecane 13-alkane Tridecane 14-al
11、kane Tetradecane 15-alkane Pentadecane 16-alkane Hexadecane 17-alkane Heptadecane 18-alkane Octadecane 19-alkane Nonadecane 20-alkane Eicosane2129 Alkane = Number prefix-cosane For example: 21-alkane Henicosane 22-alkane Docosane 23-alkane Tricosane 24-alkane Tetracosane 25-alkane Pentacosane . 30-A
12、lkane Triacontane 3139Alkane = Number prefix-triacontane For example: 31-Alkane Hentriacontane 32-Alkane Dotriacontane 33-Alkane Tritriacontane 34-Alkane Tetratriacontane 35-Alkane Pentatriacontane 36-Alkane Hexatriacontane 4090Alkane = Number prefix-contaneFor example: 40 Alkane Tetracontane 50 Alk
13、ane Pentacontane 60 Alkane Hexacontane 70 Alkane Heptacontane 80 Alkane Octacontane 90 Alkane Nonacontane 100 Alkane Hectane132一百三十二烷一百三十二烷dotricontahectane200二百烷二百烷dictane300三百烷三百烷trictane400四百烷四百烷tetractane500五百烷五百烷pentactane600六百烷六百烷hexactane700七百烷七百烷heptactane800八百烷八百烷octactane900九百烷九百烷nonactane
14、100900 Alkane = Number prefix-ctane1000 一千烷一千烷 kiliane1234 一千二百三十四烷一千二百三十四烷 tetratriacontadictakiliane2000 两千烷两千烷 diliane3000 三千烷三千烷 triliane4000 四千烷四千烷 tetraliane5000 五千烷五千烷 pentaliane6000 六千烷六千烷 hexaliane7000 七千烷七千烷 heptaliane8000 八千烷八千烷 octaliane9000 九千烷九千烷 nonaliane9999 九千九百九十九烷九千九百九十九烷 10000 no
15、nanonacontanonactanonaliane1000 Alkane = Number prefix-liane 九九 九十九十 九百九百 九千九千 Univalent radicals Radical = Alk -yl 命名含支链的烷烃时,可把它们视为直链烷烃,命名含支链的烷烃时,可把它们视为直链烷烃,但分別是某些氢但分別是某些氢(hydrogen)原子被称为烷基原子被称为烷基(alkyl groups)的原子取代。的原子取代。 命名烷基时,只需把命名烷基时,只需把“基基”(-yl)字加在相应)字加在相应的烷烃的字首后。的烷烃的字首后。for example: CH3- Methy
16、l CH3CH2- Ethyl CH3CH2CH2- Propyl CH3(CH2)2CH2- ButylBivalent radicals (亚基亚基) Radical = Alk +yl+(id)enefor example: -CH2- methylene CH3CH ethylidene (CH3)2C isopropylidene -CH2CH2- 1,2-ethylidene -CH2CH2CH2- 1,3-propylideneTrivalent radicals (次基次基) HC methylidyne CH3C ethylidyne(叔丁基叔丁基)Univalent bra
17、nched radicalsRadical = Alk -ylFor example:isopentyl (异戊基异戊基)isobutyl (异丁基异丁基)(仲丁基仲丁基)iso : 异异neo: 新新sec: 仲仲tert: 叔叔Saturated branched-chain hydrocarbonbranched-chain hydrocarbon = n-Radical+alkaneFor example: 2,5-二甲基二甲基-4-乙基庚烷乙基庚烷Polyside chain hydrocarbonButylEthylIsopropylMethylPropylFor example:
18、3,3-二甲基二甲基-4-乙基庚烷乙基庚烷3-甲基甲基-4-乙基乙基-4-丙基庚烷丙基庚烷 对取代的烷基也可以在相应的烃名前加对取代的烷基也可以在相应的烃名前加“异异”(iso-)、)、“仲仲”(sec-)、“叔叔”(tert-)、)、“新新”(neo-)等字命名。下)等字命名。下面是一些符合条件的烷基,其系统命名和普通命名如下:面是一些符合条件的烷基,其系统命名和普通命名如下: (CH3)2CH-CH- 2-Methylpropyl Isobutyl CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)- 1-Methylpropyl sec-Butyl (CH3)3C- 1,1-Dimethylethyl te
19、rt-Butyl CH3-CH2-C(CH3)2- 1,1-Dimethylpropyl tert-pentyl (CH3)3C-CH2- 2,2-Dimethylpropyl Neopentyl2,4,5-trimethylheptane2,2-dimethylpropane4-methyl-5-isopropyloctane or4-methyl-5-(2-methylethyl)octaneUnsaturated (-ene, -yne) 烯烃和炔烃命名时将相应的烷烃的词尾烯烃和炔烃命名时将相应的烷烃的词尾“烷烷”(ane)改改为为“烯烯”(ene)或或“炔炔”(yne),),名称前加上
20、不饱和键的编号名称前加上不饱和键的编号即可。当所带的双键或叁键不止一个时,可在前边加上即可。当所带的双键或叁键不止一个时,可在前边加上di、tri、tetra等数字来表示。有些简单的烯炔类化合物可用普通等数字来表示。有些简单的烯炔类化合物可用普通名称。例如:名称。例如: CH2=CH2 Ethene CH2=CHCH2CH2CH3 1-Pentene CH2=C=CH2 1,2-Propadiene Ethyne 1,3-ButadiyneAlkene = Number prefix-ene/yne-C=C-C(Propenyl propene); C=C-C- (allyl); -C=C (
21、Ethynyl Ethyne); C=C- (Vinyl )Poly-ene/ynen-Alkene =Alk-a-n-ene/yneAlkenyne = Number prefix-en-yne Two ene + one yne -adien-?-yne Three ene+ one yne -atrien-?-yne One ene + two yne -en-?-diyneFor example: 系统命名中,应选含不饱和键最多且最长的直链。如分子系统命名中,应选含不饱和键最多且最长的直链。如分子中有两条直链具有相同数目的不饱和键时,取碳原子数较多中有两条直链具有相同数目的不饱和键时,
22、取碳原子数较多者为主链。如碳原子数相同,则取含双键数目较多者为主链。者为主链。如碳原子数相同,则取含双键数目较多者为主链。例如例如: 3,4-Dipropyl-1,3-hexadien-5-yne 4-Vinyl-1-hepten-5-yne 5-Ethynyl-1,3,6-heptatrienevinyl: 乙烯基乙烯基ethynyl: 乙炔基乙炔基cyclopropane 3-ethyl-1-methylcyclopentane1,2-dicyclohexylethaneCyclic hydrocarbons cycloalkane 不饱和单环烃的命名是把相应的饱和单环烃的词尾不饱和单环烃
23、的命名是把相应的饱和单环烃的词尾ane改为改为ene(烯烯)、yne(炔炔)、adiene(二烯二烯)、adiyne(二炔二炔)、enyne(烯炔烯炔)等,并使不饱和键尽可能取最小编号。例如:等,并使不饱和键尽可能取最小编号。例如: 1,5-cyclooctadien-3-yne 5-methylene-1,3-cyclopentadienePolycyclic systemsbridged cyclo-hydrocarbons Spiro3.5nonane 1-Methylspiro3.5non-5-ene螺环烃螺环烃(spiro hydrocarbons)Aromatic (芳香的芳香的)
24、 cyclo-Octadecanecyclohexanecyclopenta-1,3-diene 1-Pentylbenzene 1-Phenylheptane2-Phenyl-2-butene isopropenylbenzene 苯环上连有不饱和取代基时,将苯环作为链的衍生物命苯环上连有不饱和取代基时,将苯环作为链的衍生物命名,但当不饱和链不超过三个碳原子时,通常都作为苯的衍名,但当不饱和链不超过三个碳原子时,通常都作为苯的衍生物命名。生物命名。 两个烷基取代的苯环,因为取代位置不同,可以有三个异两个烷基取代的苯环,因为取代位置不同,可以有三个异构体,可由阿拉伯数字表示,也可用邻、间、对表
25、示,英文名构体,可由阿拉伯数字表示,也可用邻、间、对表示,英文名称则分别用称则分别用o、m、p表示。例如:表示。例如: O-Dimethylbenzene 此表示方法只用于两个取代基相同或两取代基不同但其中此表示方法只用于两个取代基相同或两取代基不同但其中有一个为俗名的一部分。例如:有一个为俗名的一部分。例如: p-tert-Butyltoluene邻位:邻位:ortho position; 间位:间位:meta position; 对位:对位:para position 苯环上联有三个取代基时,由于它们的位置不同而常用数字定位号区别,苯环上联有三个取代基时,由于它们的位置不同而常用数字定位号
26、区别,取代基若是相同,可用取代基若是相同,可用“连连”(vic),、“偏偏”(unsym)、“均均”(sym)来表示。来表示。 例如:例如: 1,3,5-Triethylbenzene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 或或 sym-Triethylbenzene 或或 vic-Trimethylbenzene常用取代苯化合物的俗名常用取代苯化合物的俗名 (Trivial name) Toluene p-Xylene Cymene Mesitylene StyreneCumene2. Halogenated Hydrocarbon (卤卤化化烃烃)3. Hydrocarbon Co
27、ntaining O O (含氧含氧烃烃)a) AlcoholAllyl alcohol Neopentyl alcohol Amyl alcoholAlcohol Radicals(1). RO- (R=C1C4)Radical = Alk + oxyfor example: CH3O- Methoxy CH3CH2O- Ethoxy CH3CH2CH2CH2O- Butoxy CH3CH2CH2O- Propoxy (2). RO- (R C4)Radical = Alkyl-oxyFor example:(3). -O-X-O- Radical = X -dioxyfor example
28、: -OCH2O- Methylenedioxy -OCH2CH2O- Ethylenedioxy b) Phenols*As a substituted group, it is called “hydroxy ” *As a substituted group, it is called “alkoxy ”c) etherd) aldehydes or ketones (醛和酮醛和酮)Review:benzene; toluene; benzyl; phenyl; phenol;methanol; ethanol; diethyl ether; methyl phenyl ether;ac
29、etone (propanone); 1-phenylethanone formaldehyde; acetaldehyde; benzaldehyde e) Carboxylic acid (羧酸羧酸) carboxyl (羧基羧基)f ) Carboxylic acid derivative (羧酸衍生物羧酸衍生物)ester -ate中文:中文:先酸后烷氧基先酸后烷氧基, 英文:英文:先烷基后酸酯先烷基后酸酯methyl succinate monoesterEtOOCCOOEtdiethyl terephthalate diesterCOOMeHOOCacyl 酰基酰基anhydrid
30、e 酸酐酸酐4. Hydrocarbon Containing N root-n-amine 胺胺TNThydrazine肼,联氨肼,联氨diazene,nitrene氮烯氮烯nitrile 腈腈cyano- (-CN)CH3CNacetronitrile5. Hydrocarbon Containing S S sulfo(磺基磺基)thiol 硫醇;硫醇; -SH mercapto? DMF DMSODMF: N,N-Dimethyl formamideDMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide heterocyclic compounds:a. 1,1,1-trifloroetha
31、neb. cis-2-butenec. 1-heptyned. 2-chloro-4,5-dimethylnonanee. cyclo-hexanef. ethyl cyclo-propaneg. anilineh. m-dichlorobenzenei. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluenej. o-iodotoluenek. ethyl pentanoatel. 2-bromohexanalm. N-methyl propanamideGive the structure of the organic compoundsn. propylpentyl ethero. methoxypropanep. ethyl formiateq. o-ethylbenzoic acidr. 1,3-propanedioic acids. m-iodophenolt. propylamineu. 1,4-butanediolv. 3-chloropentanoic acidw. 1,3-dibromo-2-propanonex. methyl-3-chloropropyl ethery.3-hydroxy-1-pentynez.z. acetyl chloride