国际交流英语视听说4U

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1、国际交流英语视听说国际交流英语视听说国际交流英语视听说国际交流英语视听说Unit 7Mind and MemoryBook 4国际交流英语视听说国际交流英语视听说国际交流英语视听说国际交流英语视听说Think and DiscussViewing the WorldExploring the ThemeAnalytical ListeningSharing Your IdeasEngagingFurther ListeningContent国际交流英语视听说国际交流英语视听说Think and DiscussUnit 7 Mind and MemoryThink and DiscussQues

2、tionsIn Thailand, an elephant uses a paint brush and his trunk to paint a picture.1. How do animals show intelligence? Give examples.2. What are some ways that humans show intelligence?3. Do you think you have a good memory? Why or why not?Think and DiscussExample Answers Animals show intelligence w

3、hen they learn new behaviors such as opening jars or using sign language. Some apes use simple tools to achieve things, and animals learn and remember lessons based on positive or negative results. Questions1. How do animals show intelligence? Give examples.Think and DiscussExample Answers Humans sh

4、ow intelligence by not repeating mistakes, by learning languages, by using tools and inventing new things, and by making complex calculations. Questions2. What are some ways that humans show intelligence?Think and DiscussExample Answer 1I do think I have a good memory because I can rememberthings fr

5、om the past that my friends or family members mayhave forgotten. Im also good at remembering information fortests.Questions3. Do you think you have a good memory? Why or why not?Think and DiscussExample Answer 2I dont think I have a good memory because I often forget tobuy things at the store, and i

6、ts hard for me to remember phonenumbers. Questions3. Do you think you have a good memory? Why or why not?国际交流英语视听说国际交流英语视听说Exploring the ThemeUnit 7 Mind and MemoryExploring the ThemeA | Look at the photos and read the captions. Then discuss the questions. The human brain is able to hold incredible

7、amounts of information. Scientists believe that most memories are stored in the hippocampus, shown here in orange.Mind and MemoryExploring the ThemeThere is no doubt that animals have brains, but are they intelligent? Scientists are researching this subject and have discovered that some animals may

8、be smarter than we think. For example, this giant octopus can use tools. These canaries can grow new brain cells to learn new songs. Mind and MemoryExploring the ThemeAlexandra Pauly practices her violin for only 45 minutes a day, but she can play most of the music from her memory. “I feel good when

9、 I can play a challenging pieceby heart,” she says.Mind and MemoryExploring the ThemeDiscuss the questions.1. Which information on these pages is most interesting to you? Why? 2. What other animals may use tools? 3. How do humans use their memories? Give some examples.Mind and MemoryExploring the Th

10、emeExample Answer 1Its interesting to me that memories are stored in thehippocampus, which is only a small part of the brain,because memories are so important to us for learning.Mind and Memory1. Which information on these pages is most interesting to you? Why?Exploring the ThemeExample Answer 2Its

11、interesting to me that animals such as the octopus or thecanary show signs of intelligence because some animalbehaviors do seem quite clever.Mind and Memory1. Which information on these pages is most interesting to you? Why?Exploring the ThemeExample Answer 3Its interesting to me that the violin pla

12、yer can memorizeher music in such a short time because I play a musicalinstrument too, but it takes me much longer to memorize apiece of music.Mind and Memory1. Which information on these pages is most interesting to you? Why?Exploring the ThemeExample AnswersChimpanzees use stone hammers to open nu

13、ts and twigs toextract termites. Gorillas use walking poles to measurewater depth. Elephants use branches to scratch their backsor swat flies away. Dolphins use sponges to uncover preyon the ocean floor and also to protect their beaks fromgetting hurt.Mind and Memory2. What other animals may use too

14、ls?Exploring the ThemeExample Answers Humans use their memories in a number of ways. Some examples include learning skills, remembering people and places, and telling stories.Mind and Memory3. How do humans use their memories? Give some examples.国际交流英语视听说国际交流英语视听说Analytical ListeningUnit 7 Mind and

15、MemoryAnalytical ListeningListening 1 underestimate v. 低估；看轻Diane Willberg 黛安娜维尔贝格（ 人名）bird-brained a. 笨的；愚蠢的Samantha Bean 萨曼莎比恩（人名）adjacent a. 邻近的Matthew Leonard 马修伦纳德（人名）Analytical ListeningListening 1 Ren Descartes (15961650): a French mathematician, philosopher, and writer. He promoted the devel

16、opment of a new science grounded in observation and experiment. His works on both mathematics and philosophy persist to the present day. He is often called the “father of modern philosophy”. 勒内笛卡尔Analytical ListeningPredicting Content. Discuss the questions with a partner.Listening 1 1. You are goin

17、g to hear about the two animals in the photos on page 101. In what ways do you think these animals demonstrate their intelligence?2. You are also going to hear about an intelligent animal that has a brain larger than a humans brain. What animal do you think it is?Betsy, the Border Collie ( 边境柯利牧羊犬边境

18、柯利牧羊犬)Alex, the African Gray ParrotAnalytical ListeningListening 1 Example AnswersThe parrot may have learned to talk, or it may recognize certain people. The dog may know how to herd sheep, or it may obey commands from its owner. 1. You are going to hear about the two animals in the photos on page

19、101. In what ways do you think these animals demonstrate their intelligence?Analytical ListeningListening 1 Example AnswersThe intelligent animal with a brain larger than a humans might be an elephant or a whale. 2. You are also going to hear about an intelligent animal that has a brain larger than

20、a humans brain. What animal do you think it is?Analytical ListeningA | Listening for Main Ideas. Read the questions and answer choices. Then listen to a TV show about intelligent animals and choose the correct answers. A TV ShowListening 1 1. Which statement best describes recent ideas regarding ani

21、mal intelligence?a. Scientists are comparing intelligent animals to machines. b. Scientists no longer want to study animal intelligence.c. Scientists are no longer underestimating animal intelligence.cAnalytical ListeningA | Listening for Main Ideas. Listening 1 2. According to Diane Willberg, how d

22、o parrots and crows demonstrate intelligence?a. Parrots can speak, and crows can understand abstract concepts.b. Crows can make tools, and parrots can understand abstract concepts.c. Parrots can see colors, and crows can recognize tools.bAnalytical ListeningA | Listening for Main Ideas. Listening 1

23、3. According to Samantha Bean, how does her dog Betsy demonstrate intelligence?a. Betsy is able to recognize objects in pictures.b. Betsy is able to recognize herself in pictures.c. Betsy is able to recognize objects adjacent to their pictures.aAnalytical ListeningA | Listening for Main Ideas. Liste

24、ning 1 4. According to Matthew Leonard, what animals have self-awareness?a. Humans, elephants, apes, dolphins.b. Humans, apes, dolphins, dogs.c. Humans, elephants, birds, dogs.aAnalytical ListeningB | Note-Taking. Listen again and complete the notes with information from the TV show. Beliefs about a

25、nimal intelligence: Descartes: Animals are _ _ Scientists today believe _ _ Exs. of mental skills of animals: Good memory, _ _ _Listening 1 beings without minds/ biological machines humans have beenunderestimating animalsthe ability to understand symbols, awareness of self, understanding others moti

26、ves, imitating voices, and showing creativityAnalytical ListeningB | Note-Taking. Diane Willberg: Parrots: _1. Shows parrot 2 green objects. Parrot says _2. Shows parrot 2 balls. Parrot says _ Crows lab experiment:1. D.W. puts a _ in a bottle2. The crow _Listening 1 understand abstract conceptscolor

27、shapepiece of meatmakes a hook from metal wire to get meatAnalytical ListeningB | Note-Taking. Samantha Bean: In one room _In another room _S.B. shows Betsy _Betsy _ S.B. believes this shows _Listening 1 200 pictures200 objectsa picturegets the corresponding objectabstract thinkingAnalytical Listeni

28、ngB | Note-Taking. Matthew Leonard: Self-awareness is _ _ Exs. of self-awareness: humans, _ _Listening 1 ability to recognize self inthe mirror elephants,dolphins, apesAnalytical ListeningListening 1 A | Critical Thinking. Form a group with another pair of students. Discuss the questions.1. Who do y

29、ou think funds studies about animal intelligence? Do you think these studies are useful? Why or why not?2. Do you believe that the animals described in the TV show are truly intelligent? Why or why not?Analytical ListeningListening 1 Example Answer 1I think studies about animal intelligence are prob

30、ably funded by universities or perhaps by animal conservation groups.I do think these studies are useful because increasing ourknowledge about animals could have a positive effect onthe way theyre treated by humans.1. Who do you think funds studies about animal intelligence? Do you think these studi

31、es are useful? Why or why not?Analytical ListeningListening 1 Example Answer 2I dont think these studies are useful because they donthelp people in any way.1. Who do you think funds studies about animal intelligence? Do you think these studies are useful? Why or why not?Analytical ListeningListening

32、 1 Example Answer 1I do believe that the animals described in the TV show are truly intelligent because they are using reasoning. Theyre not simply trained to do tricks.2. Do you believe that the animals described in the TV show are truly intelligent? Why or why not?Analytical ListeningListening 1 E

33、xample Answer 2I dont believe that the animals described in the TV show are truly intelligent because they dont have nearly the amount of intelligence as humans, so they dont invent anything new and theyre not creative.2. Do you believe that the animals described in the TV show are truly intelligent

34、? Why or why not?Analytical ListeningListening 1 Critical Thinking Focus Questioning ResultsAt times, we may hear information that we think is not believable or reliable. In these situations, we should question the results or conclusions of the speaker. We can ask ourselves these questions:Who compl

35、eted this research?Could this person be biased?Are the researchers conclusions logical?Do the results make sense?Did the experiment follow proper scientific procedures?Analytical ListeningNarrator: The French philosopher Ren Descartes, who lived in the first half of the 17th century, believed that a

36、nimals were beings without minds. According to his philosophy, animals were simply biological machines, that ismachines that could live and breathe, but not think on their own. In recent years, however, weve seen a move away from this idea. Today many scientists believe humans have been underestimat

37、ing animals. New studies show that animals have a variety of mental skills, such as a good memory, the ability to understand symbols, and an awareness of self. Some animals can even understand others motives, imitate voices, and show creativity. How do scientists prove whether animals have the capac

38、ity to think intelligently? To be continued Listening 1 Analytical ListeningNarrator: On todays program, Amazing Science interviewed three people who work with some of the worlds most intelligent animals. Diane Willberg is a scientist who has done important research involving birds and thinking. Mos

39、t people think that birds are, well, bird-brained, which is to say not very smart. But do birds have higher mental skills?Diane: Well, for one thing, Ive found that crows are able to use tools, and they can actually make the tools themselves. For another, my research shows that parrots understand ab

40、stract concepts such as shapes and colors. Each of my parrots is very special. Perhaps the most intelligent one is named Alex. When I show him two green objects and say the two words “What same?”, he answers “color”. To be continued Listening 1 Analytical ListeningDiane: If I show him a basketball a

41、nd a baseball and ask “What same?”, he says “shape”. I think this illustrates the ability to use the abstract concepts of shape and color. Crows are also very intelligent animals, too. In my laboratory, we conduct an interesting experiment. In a bottle, just out of reach of the crow, we put a piece

42、of meat. Beside the bottle we put a thin piece of metal about the length of a pen. The metal is flexible, and the crows first bend it to shape it into a kind of hook, which they then use to pull the meat from the bottle. Its really clear from research that these birds are learningtheyre showing clea

43、r signs of intelligence, and they know how to figure things out. To be continued Listening 1 Analytical ListeningNarrator: A wide range of animal studies confirms that animals can learn and change. This skill is best illustrated by dogs. Samantha Bean owns a Border Collie named Betsy. Betsy can reme

44、mber and recognize over 200 objects, and frequently performs on television. But how did the dog learn to do this?Samantha: Well, in one room we have pictures of 200 objects, and in an adjacent room we have the 200 objects themselves. First, I show Betsy a picture, then she goes into the next room, c

45、hooses the corresponding object, and then brings it back to me. She can do this for all 200 objects. Recognizing an object in a picture is clearly a type of abstract thinking.To be continued Listening 1 Analytical ListeningNarrator: Theres one animalthe dolphinwho has a brain thats even larger than

46、a human brain. But does that mean that they are more intelligent than humans? Researcher Matthew Leonard explains.Matthew: I dont think theyre smarter than humans, but all of our dolphins are very intelligent. Along with humans, elephants, and apes, dolphins exhibit self-awareness. That is to say, w

47、hen they look at themselves in a mirror, they see the image and can interpret that they are looking at themselves.To be continued Listening 1 Analytical ListeningNarrator: Whether or not animals are intelligent is a question that scientists will study for years to come. But after hearing about the a

48、mazing things that animals can do, its clear that were only just beginning to learn about the animals on our planet. Coming up next on Amazing Science Listening 1 Analytical ListeningListening 2 aptitude n.（ 尤指学习方面的）天资，资质virtually ad. 几乎；差不多unprecedented a. 空前的，前所未有的Connecticut 康涅狄格州（美国东北部州）epilepsy

49、 n. 癫痫ethical a. 合乎道德的loci n. （locus 的复数形式） （某事存在或发生的）地点，场所Analytical ListeningListening 2 William Scoville (19061984): a brain surgeon in the U.S. state of Connecticut. In 1953, he attempted to relieve Henry Gustav Molaisons epilepsy with brain surgery, but instead caused damage to Molaisons brain

50、which resulted in a memory disorder. 威廉斯科维尔Analytical ListeningListening 2 Sherlock Holmes: a character in a series of crime stories. He was created in 1887 by Arthur Conan Doyle, a Scottish doctor and author. The character is famous for his work as a “consulting detective”, a private citizen who co

51、uld solve crimes and other problems with his brilliant observation and reasoning skills. The character has featured in many books, movies, and television shows. 夏洛克福尔摩斯Analytical ListeningListening 2 This artist helps solve crimes by drawing pictures of criminals. She bases her drawings on memories

52、of people who saw the crime happen. Analytical ListeningSelf-Reflection. Form a group with two or three other students and discuss the questions.Listening 2 1. What are some of your earliest childhood memories? Do the memories seem clear to you or not?2. When was the last time you had something to e

53、at? What did you eat? What about the time before that? Continue and see how far back you can remember.3. Do you have any tricks to help you remember things? What are they?Analytical ListeningExample Answer 1Some of my earliest childhood memories took place in the apartment where my family lived. I c

54、an remember the bed I slept in, for example, and looking for things in my mothers dresser drawer. The memories seem clear to me, perhaps like short video clips, but there is little context. I cant remember what else was happening at the time.Listening 2 1. What are some of your earliest childhood me

55、mories? Do the memories seem clear to you or not?Analytical ListeningExample Answer 2The memories dont seem clear to me. They seem confusing.Listening 2 1. What are some of your earliest childhood memories? Do the memories seem clear to you or not?Analytical ListeningExample Answer 1 I had a large s

56、alad for dinner this evening, and for lunch I had some chicken with vegetables. For breakfast I had a cup of coffee and a cereal bar. Last night I had pizza for dinner, but I cant remember yesterdays lunch or breakfast.Listening 2 2. When was the last time you had something to eat? What did you eat?

57、 What about the time before that? Continue and see how far back you can remember.Analytical ListeningExample Answer 2 Today, I had rice and two dishes for lunch, and for breakfast, I had a glass of milk and some bread. Last night I had hot pot, and for yesterdays lunch, I had a bowl of noodles. I ca

58、n still remember I had a glass of soybean milk and a cake for yesterdays breakfast. But for the day before yesterday, I cant remember what I had eaten. Listening 2 2. When was the last time you had something to eat? What did you eat? What about the time before that? Continue and see how far back you

59、 can remember.Analytical ListeningExample Answer 1Yes, I do. When I meet someone for the first time, I try to focus on that persons name. I imagine that the person is my future boss, or in some other way important to me, and that helps me to remember. Another trick I have is to associate a phone num

60、ber, for example, with a sentence that contains the numbers.Listening 2 3. Do you have any tricks to help you remember things? What are they?Analytical ListeningExample Answer 2 No, I dont have any tricks to help me remember things. Listening 2 3. Do you have any tricks to help you remember things?

61、What are they?Analytical ListeningA Conversation Between ClassmatesA | Listening for Main Ideas. Read the questions and answer choices. Then listen to two classmates talking about memory and choose the correct answers. Listening 2 1. What is “superior autobiographical memory”?a. It is the ability to

62、 remember many numbers exactly.b. It is the ability to remember details about ones life.c. It is the ability to remember new words and phrases.bAnalytical ListeningA | Listening for Main Ideas. Listening 2 2. What is the hippocampus?a. A part of the brain that controls memory.b. A type of memory tha

63、t cannot be lost.c. An operation to remove part of the brain.3. How did Dr. Scovilles patient lose his memory?a. His brain was damaged in an accident.b. His brain was damaged by a disease.c. Dr. Scoville removed part of the patients brain.acAnalytical ListeningA | Listening for Main Ideas. Listening

64、 2 4. What is the location method?a. It is a way of remembering things.b. It is a method for operating on the brain.c. It is a way of living without a memory. aAnalytical ListeningB | Note-Taking. Listen again. Complete the notes with information from the conversation.Listening 2 I. Superior Autobio

65、graphical Memory (SAM) A. Definition: _ _ B. How SAM works: _II. The Hippocampus (originated from ancient Greek words meaning _) A. Dr. S Experiment: _ _ remembering almost everything about your own lifepart of brain is bigger than normal“horse” and “sea monster” removed a patients hippocampus tryin

66、g to cure the mans epilepsyAnalytical ListeningB | Note-Taking. Listen again. Complete the notes with information from the conversation.Listening 2 B. Result: _ Contribution to science: _ _III. Method of Loci / Method of Location A. Use:_ B. Steps: 1. Picture a path that you know well 2. Next, _ _ 3

67、. Later, _ _the patient lost most of his memory science gained understanding about the braina good way to remember lists of words create an image for each word, putimages at places along the path move along the path in your mind, and the images will remind you of the wordsAnalytical ListeningListeni

68、ng 2 Critical Thinking. Discuss the questions with your group. 1. Trying to help, Dr. Scoville permanently damaged his patients memory. However, scientists learned a lot of information about the brain because of Dr. Scoville and his patient. Do you think Dr. Scovilles actions were ethical? Why or wh

69、y not?2. Imagine that you have a superior autobiographical memory. How would you use the super ability?To be continued Analytical ListeningExample Answer 1Yes, I think Dr. Scovilles actions were ethical because he could not predict the unintended consequences of the surgery and he had tried his best

70、 to cure the mans epilepsy.Listening 2 1. Trying to help, Dr. Scoville permanently damaged his patients memory. However, scientists learned a lot of information about the brain because of Dr. Scoville and his patient. Do you think Dr. Scovilles actions were ethical? Why or why not?Analytical Listeni

71、ngExample Answer 2No, I dont think Dr. Scovilles actions were ethical because he didnt know what the result of the surgery would be, so the patient couldnt give his informed consent to the procedure. Listening 2 1. Trying to help, Dr. Scoville permanently damaged his patients memory. However, scient

72、ists learned a lot of information about the brain because of Dr. Scoville and his patient. Do you think Dr. Scovilles actions were ethical? Why or why not?Analytical ListeningExample AnswersIf I had a superior autobiographical memory, I would use it to study for tests. During the tests, Id be able t

73、o remember all the information I had heard or read in class. It might also be a good way to pass the time. I could open my photo album, for example, and remember everything about those good days from my past. Listening 2 2. Imagine that you have a superior autobiographical memory. How would you use

74、the super ability?Analytical ListeningMaria: I dont want to study any more. Do you want to go to the Student Center, Heather? I think theyre showing a movie tonight. Heather: Um, maybe later, Maria. I have to finish preparing for the memory contest.Maria: What memory contest?Heather: Well, were havi

75、ng a memory contest in my psychology class.Maria: Why?Heather: Because were learning about memory, and the professor thought it would be a good experiment. Have you ever heard of “superior autobiographical memory”?Listening 2 To be continued Analytical ListeningMaria: Superior autobiographical memor

76、y? No, I dont think I have. What is it? Heather: Its when a person has an incredible aptitude for remembering things about their own life. People with superior autobiographical memory can remember virtually everything thats ever happened to them.Maria: Oh! I saw a TV show about that. You know about

77、that show Amazing Science, dont you? Heather: Yes.Maria: So, on the show they asked people questions such as, “What were you doing on August 10th, 2005?” And these people were able to answer the questions exactly. They almost never got a question wrong. It was really fascinating. Listening 2 To be c

78、ontinued Analytical ListeningHeather: Yeah. People like that have always been very rare, I think, but in class I learned that researchers at the University of California say theyve found at least eight people who have superior autobiographical memoryincluding one TV star. Its really unprecedented.Ma

79、ria: How do they do it? I mean, how do they remember everything so clearly?Heather: Well, the scientists found that some parts of these peoples brains are bigger than normal, including the part called the hippo, um, the hippocampus.Maria: Im not sure I know what that is. What can you tell me about i

80、t?Listening 2 To be continued Analytical ListeningHeather: Not much! I know its part of the brain, and obviously its really important for memory function. Oh, and I know the word originated from two ancient Greek words: hippo meaning “horse” and campus meaning “sea monster”.Maria: It means “sea hors

81、e monster”?Heather: Thats right! It was called that because it sort of looks like a sea horse. Anyway, one of the case studies I just read about was about this famous case in Connecticut in 1953. A doctor named William Scoville had a patient with epilepsy, which is a brain condition that affects som

82、e people. HeScoville, I meanremoved most of the patients hippocampus trying to cure the mans epilepsy.Maria: What? That doesnt sound ethical to me.Listening 2 To be continued Analytical ListeningHeather: Well, epilepsy is a serious condition, and I guess the doctor thought it was worth the risk. I m

83、ean, dont forget, it was 1953, and doctors didnt know then what they know now. So, anyway, after he removed most of the hippocampus, he found that the patient had lost his memory.Maria: His entire memory?Heather: Well, no. The man could still remember some things. And he was still able to have some

84、happiness, and science gained a lot of understanding about the brain, thanks to him.Maria: I see. Memory is so important. I have a really bad memory; Id love to learn how to improve it.Listening 2 To be continued Analytical ListeningHeather: Oh, there are lots of ways to enhance your ability to reme

85、mber things. For example, do you know about the method of loci?Maria: No, I dont think Ive ever heard of it. What is it?Heather: Well, its also called the method of location. Its a good way to remember lists of words. First, in your mind, you need to picture a path that you know well, such as the wa

86、y to school or to work, for example. The path is the framework that will hold the information.Maria: OK.Listening 2 To be continued Analytical ListeningHeather: Next, you look at a list of words and create an image for each word. For example, the image for philosophy could be a statue of a famous ph

87、ilosopher. An image for motive could be Sherlock Holmes, whos always looking for criminals motives.Maria: Right.Heather: Then, in your mind, you put those images at places youll remember along the path you chose. Later, at test time, or whenever, you can move along the path in your mind, and the ima

88、ges will remind you of the words.Listening 2 To be continued Analytical ListeningMaria: I wonder if that really works. I have a history exam next week and I have to memorize a lot of information. Im going to try to use the location method to study.Heather: Good luck. I hope you see a dramatic improv

89、ement in your test grades. Listening 2 国际交流英语视听说国际交流英语视听说Sharing Your IdeasUnit 7 Mind and MemorySharing Your IdeasLanguage FunctionEnumeratingListening reasons, facts, examples, or steps in a process is called enumerating. Here are some groups of expressions to help list information clearly.To enum

90、erate reasons and examples, we can use:First . Second . Third .For one thing . For another . And for another .In the first place . In the second place . And in the third place .To enumerate commands or steps in a process, we can use:First . Next . After that .First . Then . And then .First . Second

91、. Third .Sharing Your IdeasA | Brainstorming. Form a group with two or three other students. The chart below lists five roles that animals have in culture and society. Discuss these roles and fill in the chart with examples of animals that perform each role. RolesExamplesWorkdogs rescue peopleEntert

92、ainmentPetsResearchFoodSharing Your IdeasExample AnswersWork: dogs rescue people horses and elephants pull heavy loads donkeys and camels carry people and goodsEntertainment: we use horses in races animal actors perform in movies and on TV circus animals perform To be continued Sharing Your IdeasExa

93、mple Answers (Continued)Pets: cats, dogs, birds, and other small animals are kept as petsResearch: mice, rabbits, and monkeys are used in laboratory wild animals are observed by animal researchersFood: horses, cattle and donkeys used by farmers in the production of food animal waste used as fertiliz

94、ers to grow food many kinds of animals are eaten as foodSharing Your IdeasB | Choose one of the roles from exercise A. Do you agree that animals should be used for this role? Write a sentence that shows your position. For example: Animals should not be used for entertainment. Share the sentence you

95、wrote with your group. A horse performs at a circus in Barcelona, Spain.Sharing Your IdeasC | Presentation. Now, each of you in the group will give a two-minute persuasive speech to support your sentence. (See pages 137139 of the Independent Student Handbook for more information on presentation skil

96、ls.)During your speech, you should:1. State your position.2. Give examples and reasons to support your position. Use expressions from the Language Function box.3. Restate your position in conclusion.Sharing Your IdeasExample AnswersAlthough animals have been used for entertainment for hundreds of ye

97、ars, animals should not be used in this way in the modern world. There are several reasons for this. First, human beings now have more options for entertainment than ever before. Instead of going to a horse race, or to see animals perform in a circus, people can watch movies at the cinema, at home,

98、or even on a mobile device. They can visit a shopping center or an art museum, go to the theater or the ballet, watch human acrobats, or interact with friends on social Web sites. Second, in many cases, animals used for entertainment are treated cruelly. They may be trained in cruel ways, or be conf

99、ined to very small spaces with chains around heir legs. To be continued Sharing Your IdeasExample Answers (Continued)Even if this kind of treatment only happens to some animals, there is no excuse for any amount of cruelty when our options for entertainment are so extensive. So the next time you are

100、 tempted to go to an old-fashioned circus, or to visit a zoo that is really nothing more than wild animals in poor condition kept in tiny cages or enclosures, why not think of a better way to entertain yourself? If you take advantage of the many cultural opportunities the modern world has to offer,

101、you will save some animals from cruel treatment, and youll feel good about yourself, too. Sharing Your IdeasD | After each member of your group has spoken, ask the group to vote on whether they agree or disagree with your position. Sharing Your IdeasExample Answer 1 I agree with your position becaus

102、e in the first place, animals used for entertainment are sometimes treated cruelly. In the second place, using animals in that way is completely unnecessary.Sharing Your IdeasExample Answer 2I disagree with your position because most animals used for entertainment are treated well, and some animals

103、seem to like having a job to do. Sharing Your IdeasUsing GesturesEven if we do not normally use our hands when we speak with friends, we should use hand gestures when we are giving a presentation. Gestures add emphasis to what we are saying and get our audiences attention. We can practice our gestur

104、es in front of a mirror and make sure they look natural. We should use various gestures, not just one over and over again.国际交流英语视听说国际交流英语视听说Viewing the WorldUnit 7 Mind and MemoryViewing the WorldAnimal MindsViewing the Worldmaze n. 迷宫mesh n.（ 用线或金属丝编织的）网状物on cue 恰好在适当的时刻leash n. 皮带；链子bridle n. 马笼头；

105、马勒whip n. 鞭子spur n. 马刺，靴刺criterion n.（ 判定的）标准，准则despondent a. 沮丧的；失望的flip n. 筋斗，空翻swipe n. 用力挥击flurry n.（事情）突然发生的一连串stimuli /stmjUlaI/ n.（ stimulus 的复数形式）刺激（物），促进因素irrevocably ad. 不可更改地Viewing the WorldMarine World Africa USA: an amusement and animal park in the U.S. state of California. It was open

106、ed in 1968 as a park for ocean and land animals, but later added non-animal attractions like rides. It has since changed its name to Six Flags Discovery Kingdom. 加州海洋世界（现名为“六旗探索王国”）Viewing the WorldA mouse runs through a maze.Viewing the WorldA bird uses a stick as a tool to find food in a tree bran

107、ch.Viewing the WorldA dolphin looks at its reflection in a mirror.Viewing the WorldA | Using a Dictionary. You will hear the underlined words in the video. Read the sentences. Then write each word next to its definition below. Use your dictionary to help you.Before Viewing 1. Dreams show that our mi

108、nds are working even unconsciously.2. Dont use coercion to train an animal. Rather, reward good behavior.3. Computers have large memories but no other cognitive abilities.4. In 1859, Charles Darwins theory of evolution came as a revelation to the world.Viewing the WorldA | Using a Dictionary. 5. Wha

109、le songs are very sophisticated and could contain a lot of information.6. I locked the dog in the room, but it outsmarted me by unlocking the door.7. Seeing claw marks and brown fur, we deduced that a bear had gotten into our carBefore Viewing a. (n.) surprising knowledge that is made known to peopl

110、eb. _ (ad.) without being fully awarerevelationunconsciouslyViewing the WorldA | Using a Dictionary. Before Viewing c. _ (v.) to reach a conclusion based on things that are trued. _ (v.) to gain an advantage by using tricks or intelligencee. _ (a.) relating to the mental process involved in knowing,

111、 learning, and understandingf. _ (n.) the act of forcing someone to do something that they dont want to dog. _ (a.) complex or advanceddeduceoutsmartcognitivecoercionsophisticated Viewing the WorldB | Predicting Content. With a partner, look at the animals in the photos on these pages. Scientists ha

112、ve found certain cognitive abilities in each animal. What cognitive abilities do you think these animals have shown? Discuss each animal with your partner.Before Viewing Viewing the WorldExample AnswersThe mouse may have learned and remembered how to go through a maze quickly and perhaps get a rewar

113、d, or how to avoid a negative consequence. The bird was able to figure out how to use a tool to reach food that was otherwise out of reach. The dolphin might have looked at its own image in a mirror and realized that she was looking at herself and not at another dolphin. Before Viewing Viewing the W

114、orldA | Read the questions and answer choices. Then watch the video and choose the correct answers. 1. What did a rat do that surprised scientists in the early 1900s?a. It followed a maze correctly from end to end and found the food.b. It got on top of a maze and used its memory to find the food.c.

115、It completed a maze backwards as easily as it did forwards.While Viewing bViewing the WorldA | Read the questions and answer choices. Then watch the video and choose the correct answers. 2. How do the trainers in the video shape dolphin behavior?a. They use coercion.b. They use a whistle and food.c.

116、 They use speaking and touching.3. How did Karen Pryor cause dolphins to show creativity?a. By rewarding all behavior.b. By rewarding only repeated behavior.c. By rewarding only new behavior.While Viewing bcViewing the WorldB | Sequencing Events. Read the events below. These events happened in the e

117、xperiment Karen Pryor did to show creativity in dolphins. Then watch the video again and number the events in the correct order. The first event has been numbered for you. _ a. After two weeks, the dolphin had run through all the normal behaviors._ b. The dolphin would start off with the behavior fr

118、om the day before._ c. The dolphin offered all kinds of new behaviors, for which the trainers gave the dolphin a bucket of fish.While Viewing 326Viewing the WorldB | Sequencing Events. _ d. The dolphin and the trainers became very upset, and the trainers wondered if it was going to be the end of the

119、 experiment._ e. Karen picked a new behavior each day and rewarded the dolphin for it. _ f. In session 16, the dolphin offered a new flip followed by a new tail swipe, both of which were reinforced by the trainers.While Viewing 415Viewing the WorldCritical Thinking. Form a group with another pair of

120、 students and discuss the questions.After Viewing 1. Are you convinced by what you saw and heard that dolphins can use imagination and show creativity? Why or why not?2. Do you think the rat in the video displayed more or less intelligence than the dolphin in Karen Pryors experiment? Why?Viewing the

121、 WorldExample Answer 1 Yes, I am convinced because the dolphin showed the trainer a series of new behaviors which had been designed by herself.After Viewing 1. Are you convinced by what you saw and heard that dolphins can use imagination and show creativity? Why or why not?Viewing the WorldExample A

122、nswer 2 No, Im not convinced because the dolphins behavior was still driven by a reward system. Unlike human beings, the dolphin would not be creative simply because it felt a creative urge. After Viewing 1. Are you convinced by what you saw and heard that dolphins can use imagination and show creat

123、ivity? Why or why not?Viewing the WorldExample Answer 1 I think the rat displayed more intelligence than the dolphin because even though it may had been trained to go through the maze, it thought of a completely different behavior that would also work to get the reward. After Viewing 2. Do you think

124、 the rat in the video displayed more or less intelligence than the dolphin in Karen Pryors experiment? Why?Viewing the World Example Answer 2 I think the rat displayed less intelligence than the dolphin because the dolphin had to go through a sort of experimentation phase, trying many different beha

125、viors. Then, when it found one way to get the reward, it made a generalized deductionnew behaviors of all kinds would be rewarded. After Viewing 2. Do you think the rat in the video displayed more or less intelligence than the dolphin in Karen Pryors experiment? Why?Viewing the WorldNarrator: When y

126、ou look at some animals, it seems as if they are alert, thinking beings. But just how smart are they? And how can you tell the difference between intelligence and evolutionary instincts? Scientists used to think that while an animal might sometimes appear smart, every move was really the result of t

127、raining or instinct. A rat in a familiar maze, they said, was moving as unconsciously as a train goes down the tracks. Until the early 1900s, when one rat outsmarted the mazeit climbed onto the mesh roof and headed straight for the food. Scientists deduced the rat must have formed a mental map of th

128、e mazeand remembered where the food was. Pretty smart. Are dolphins intelligent? One researcher has put dolphins to the test to find the answer to this question. To be continued Viewing the WorldNarrator: Behavioral biologist Karen Pryor has come to Marine World Africa USA to help out with a medical

129、 exam. This dolphin has been trained to breathe on cue, so doctors can give her a checkup.Karen Pryor: Good breath. Lets do one more. Good girl. Lets hear the other side.Narrator: Its one of the techniques Pryor established.Karen Pryor: Thank you! We dont use any coercion. We dont have leashes or br

130、idles or whips or spurs. We, we let the animal sort of do what its doing, and we tell it when we like that, with a whistle followed by a bucket of fish.Narrator: It could be that Pryors gentle touch rewarded her with a look at the dolphin mind.To be continued Viewing the WorldKaren Pryor: I think on

131、e of the reasons we see so much of their, what we call intelligence, is that we train them without coercion. Its the, its this beautiful method of shaping behavior. Thank you! Im not supposed to laugh, either, cause they know, but that means the trainers really arent aware. Narrator: In the late 196

132、0s, Pryor discovered that dolphins could play more sophisticated games than anyone had dreamed. She found that dolphins share a skill we think of as uniquely humancreativity. In her experiment, she picked a new behavior each day and rewarded the dolphin for it throughout the session. Every day, the

133、dolphin would start off with the behavior rewarded the day before, but Pryor was waiting for something new.To be continued Viewing the WorldKaren Pryor: It took us about two weeks to run through the normal behaviors . there was nothing new there . that was our criterion . so we couldnt reinforce her

134、. She became despondent almost . We were very upset, too. Second session, third session kept going like this. We wondered if, if maybe that was going to be the end of the experiment. And then we got to session 16. And the animal came rushing out, offered us a flip wed never seen . we reinforced that

135、. Instead of doing that again, she offered us a tail swipe wed never seen. We reinforced that. She began offering us all kinds of behavior that we hadnt seen in such a mad flurry that finally we could hardly choose what to throw fish at. The trainer gave her the whole bucket.To be continued Viewing

136、the WorldNarrator: Pryor had discovered that dolphins have a kind of imagination. It was a revelation for researchers. Karen Pryor: Science has always leaned over backwards about all animals to say that, you know, theres nothing going on in there that you cant see on the outside . theyre just respon

137、ding to conditioned stimuli. It might be that our creative dolphin experiment was one of the first to make it irrevocably clear that the animals are doing something on their own also. Something of a cognitive nature.Narrator: And dolphins arent alone. Elephants do indeed have a good memory, primates

138、 use a variety of tools from sticks to stones . And some parrots have a pretty wide vocabulary and have been trained to understand the words they are using.To be continued Viewing the WorldWoman: How many?Parrot: Two.Woman: Thats right!Narrator: Understanding that humans arent alone when it comes to

139、 intelligence shows just how far weve come. Turns out were not so unique after all. 国际交流英语视听说国际交流英语视听说EngagingUnit 7 Mind and MemoryEngagingA | Fill in the shopping list with items that you regularly buy at the supermarket or local stores. You will use the items in a test of memory. Shopping List1.

140、_4. 7 _2. _5. 8. 3. _6. 9. Using Memory Skills to Recall Informationfruitvegetables ricechickendish soappeanut oilnoodles soy saucevinegarEngagingB | Work with a partner. Look at your partners list for 30 seconds. Then without looking at the list, try to say as many of the items in order as you can.

141、 Your partner will write down how many you get right.Number correct: _Using Memory Skills to Recall InformationEngagingB | Work with a partner. Look at your partners list for 30 seconds. Then without looking at the list, try to say as many of the items in order as you can. Your partner will write do

142、wn how many you get right.Using Memory Skills to Recall Information Example Answers Student A: Um fruit, rice, chicken, soy sauce, and eggs?Student B: Well you got four of the nine items right.EngagingC | Think of a path through a place you know very well, such as your home or neighborhood. Take abo

143、ut five minutes to think of images for each item on your partners list. Place the images along the path in your mind. For example, if the path starts at your home and the first item on the list is eggs, imagine eggs smashed on your front door. The more creative the images, the better you will rememb

144、er them. Using Memory Skills to Recall InformationEngagingUsing Memory Skills to Recall InformationExample Answers 1. As I leave my apartment, I see a fruit vendor in the hallway. She is selling pineapples, oranges, persimmons, apples, and other fruits.2. I enter the elevator to go downstairs, and o

145、n the floor of the elevator is a basket full of vegetablescarrots, cabbage, green onions, fresh spinach, and other vegetables.3. I walk out the door of the apartment building, and someone has spilled rice all over the sidewalk in front of the door. It is difficult to walk because my feet slide aroun

146、d on the rice.To be continued EngagingUsing Memory Skills to Recall InformationExample Answers (Continued)4. I turn right and continue walking. In front of the next apartment building, there is a man in a costume. He is dressed as a giant chicken, and hes standing there making chicken noises!5. When

147、 I get to the corner, the woman who sells steamed buns is washing dishes in a plastic tub. The dish soap is bubbly and it smells nice.6. I turn right and walk toward the park. When I get to the park, Im surprised because there isnt water in the fountain. Instead, the fountain is full of peanut oil!T

148、o be continued EngagingUsing Memory Skills to Recall InformationExample Answers (Continued)7. My favorite noodle vendor is near the park, so I stop and buy a bowl of noodles. Theyre hot and delicious.8. / 9. At the far end of the park, I see two bottles playing a game of badminton. Each bottle is ar

149、ound two meters tall! I look at their big labels and see that one of them is a bottle of soy sauce, and the other is a bottle of vinegar. EngagingD | Give the shopping list back to your partner. Then visualize your path and say as many of the items in order as you can. Record how many you get right.

150、Number correct: _Using Memory Skills to Recall InformationEngagingD | Give the shopping list back to your partner. Then visualize your path and say as many of the items in order as you can. Record how many you get right.Using Memory Skills to Recall Information Example Answers Student A: Um, fruit,

151、vegetables, rice, chicken, dish soap, peanut oil, noodles, soy sauce, and vinegar!Student B: Thats right! You got all nine items right this time! EngagingE | Critical Thinking. Form a group with another pair of students and discuss the questions. 1. Look back at exercises B and D. Did your score imp

152、rove after you used the method of location? Do you think this method is effective for helping you to remember information?2. How can you use the method of location to prepare for a presentation? How can you use it to help you study or take effective notes? How can you use the method to help you lear

153、n new vocabulary? Share your ideas with the class.Using Memory Skills to Recall InformationEngaging Example Answers Yes, my score improved, so I think this is an effective way to remember information. No, my score didnt improve, so I dont think this is an effective way to remember information. 1. Lo

154、ok back at exercises B and D. Did your score improve after you used the method of location? Do you think this method is effective for helping you to remember information?Using Memory Skills to Recall InformationEngaging2. How can you use the method of location to prepare for a presentation? How can

155、you use it to help you study or take effective notes? How can you use the method to help you learn new vocabulary? Share your ideas with the class.Example Answers When preparing for a presentation, I could list the main points of my talk, or the sections of my talk. Then, as I imagine the path, I co

156、uld create images to represent the points or sections of my talk.After taking notes, I could review the notes and divide them into categories of information. As I imagine the path, I could create images to represent the information I want to remember from each section of my notes.Using Memory Skills

157、 to Recall InformationTo be continued Engaging2. How can you use the method of location to prepare for a presentation? How can you use it to help you study or take effective notes? How can you use the method to help you learn new vocabulary? Share your ideas with the class.Example Answers (Continued

158、)For learning new vocabulary, I could start with a list of words. As I imagine the path, I could see an object (noun) at each place, or someone doing an action (verb)Using Memory Skills to Recall InformationEngagingF | Presentation. Give a presentation to the class on your ideas of using the method

159、of location. Using Memory Skills to Recall InformationEngagingUsing Memory Skills to Recall InformationJoining a GroupIf we need to join a group for a group-work activity, we can say:Do you mind if I join your group?Do you want to work together?Do you need another person?Student to Student国际交流英语视听说国

160、际交流英语视听说Further ListeningUnit 7 Mind and MemoryFurther ListeningListening 1antelope n. 羚羊nuzzle v. 用鼻子触碰altruism n. 利他主义，无私Further ListeningListening 1Aristotle (384 B.C.322 B.C.): an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist. He is believed to have written many important books on many subjects. He is

161、 considered one of the greatest intellectuals of Western history. 亚里士多德Further ListeningListening 1An antelope crossing a pond tries to escapethe jaws of a crocodile.Further ListeningA | Read the statements. Then listen to a lecture about animals capacity to help other animals and check () T for tru

162、e or F for false. Listening 11. Ancient philosophers believed that animals were incapable of helping other animals.2. Today most scientists hold different views from that of Aristotle and Descartes.3. The hippos actions in the video could be interpreted as altruism. 4. Being altruistic means helping

163、 others so as to gain help from others.5. The video shows that animals have simpler motives than human beings.T F Further ListeningA | Read the statements. Then listen to a lecture about animals capacity to help other animals and check () T for true or F for false. Listening 1Answer Keys1. T2. F (No

164、t most scientists, just many scientists hold different views from that of Aristotle and Descartes.)3. T4. F (Being altruistic means helping others without gaining anything from others.)5. F (The video shows that animal society is also complex.)Further ListeningB | Read the events. Then listen again

165、and number the events in the correct order. The first event has been numbered for you. Listening 1_ a. The hippo scared the crocodile away._ b. The crocodile grabbed the antelope._ c. The crocodile released the antelope._1_d. An antelope tried to cross a small pond._ e. The hippo gently nuzzled the

166、antelope._ f. The hippo ran over._ g. The crocodile tried to pull the antelope under the water.5267 43Further ListeningAre animals capable of showing concern for members of another species? According to the philosophies of many great thinkers such as Aristotle and Descartes, the answer is no. Recent

167、ly, however, there has been a shift in the way many scientists think about thissubject. The question is difficult because it is so abstract. Lets look at one specific case.A video filmed at a small pond in Africa shows an antelope trying to cross the pond. A crocodile grabbed the antelope and tried

168、to pull it under the water. Just then, a hippo resting in an adjacent pond ran over and scared the crocodile away. The crocodile released theinjured antelope. Then the hippo, trying to help, gently nuzzled the antelope.To be continued Listening 1Further ListeningHow should we interpret the hippos ac

169、tions? It seems that the hippos motive was to help the antelope, although the hippo didnt gain anything from it. The actions of the hippo correspond to what we in the human world would call altruism. This video raises the question of whether we humans underestimate an animals capacity to help other

170、animals. This case can also illustrate how complex animal society can be. We should remain flexible and open to the possibility that animals can be altruistic, too.Listening 1Further ListeningListening 2Tetsuro Matsuzawa 松泽哲郎（人名）Further ListeningListening 2This chimp, named Ayumu, did the best on th

171、e memory test.Further ListeningListening 2Researcher Jane Goodall has studied chimps for nearly 50 years.Further ListeningA | Read the statements and answer choices. Then listen to a report about a science experiment and choose the correct phrase to complete each statement. Listening 21. The experim

172、ent result indicates that _.a. a chimpanzee has a better memoryb. a college student has a better memoryc. a chimpanzee has a superior mind2. The research result _.a. has been expected by the researchersb. surprised the Japanese researchersc. repeated that of a previous researchabFurther ListeningA |

173、 Read the statements and answer choices. Then listen to a report about a science experiment and choose the correct phrase to complete each statement. Listening 23. The research _.a. gained the researchers praise worldwideb. was criticized for its flaws in designc. was questioned by supporters of ani

174、mal rightscFurther ListeningB | Listen again and complete the notes about the experiment. Listening 21. The question the experiment aims to answer: Who has a _, a chimpanzee or a college student?2. What the researchers test: the _ of young chimpanzees against that of college students.3. The particip

175、ants of the experiment: _ chimpanzees and _ college students.4. The testing method of the experiment: The chimps were taught the numbers _ and their _. Both the students and the chimps saw 9 numbers on a _.better memoryshort-term memory five-year-old12 1 through 9 ordercomputer screenFurther Listeni

176、ngB | Listen again and complete the notes about the experiment. Listening 2 When they touched the first number, the other numbers turned into _. The test was to touch the squares in the _ of the numbers that used to be there.5. The result of the experiment: often, neither humans nor chimps were able

177、 to remember the _ of the numbers. However, the chimps could do the task _.white squaresorder exact location fasterFurther ListeningListening 2To be continued Who has a better memory: a chimpanzee or a college student? The answer may surprise you. During a recent science experiment, Japanese researc

178、hers tested the short-term memory of young chimpanzees against the short-term memory of college students. The dramatic result surprised everyone: the chimpanzees won. Many of the researchers believed that this result was virtually impossible, because the human mind is superior to the chimpanzee mind

179、.Chimpanzees beating humans in a memory test had never happened beforeit was completely unprecedented. “No one can imagine that chimpanzeesyoung chimpanzees at the age of fivehave a better performance in a memory task than humans,” said researcher Tetsuro Matsuzawa of Kyoto University.To be continue

180、d Further ListeningListening 2To be continued The participants of the experiment were five-year-old chimpanzees and 12 college students. The chimpanzees were taught the numbers 1 through 9 and their order. The testing method was as follows: Both humans and chimpanzees saw nine numbers displayed on a

181、 computer screen. When they touched the first number, the other eight numbers turned into white squares. The test was to touch the squares in the order of the numbers that used to be there. Often, neither humans nor chimpanzees were able to remember the exact location of the numbers. However, to eve

182、ryones surprise, the results showed that the chimpanzees could do the task faster. People who support animal rights feel that this type of experiment raises ethical questions. They do not believe that scientists should do research on the chimpanzees at all.Further ListeningListening 3mnemonic a. 记忆的

183、Further ListeningListening 3World Memory Championships: an organized annual competition in which participants compete to memorize and recall more information than anyone else. It was first held in 1991. 世界记忆锦标赛Further ListeningListening 3Memorizing the order of playing cards helps high schoolstudent

184、s in New Yorks South Bronx prepare for tougheracademic challenges.Further ListeningDictation. Listen to a passage about memory and write down what you hear. Altogether the passage will be read to you four times. During the first reading, which will be done at normal speed, listen and try to understa

185、nd the meaning. For the second and third readings, the passage will be read sentence by sentence, or phrase by phrase, with intervals of 15 seconds. The last reading will be done at normal speed again and during this time you should check your work. Listening 3Further ListeningThe amount of informat

186、ion that the human brain can hold is virtually limitless. Most people do not have an aptitude for remembering complex lists or numbers. Some people, however, use their memory much more than the average person. A person who is able to remember long lists of data such as names and numbers is called a

187、mnemonist. This word is derived from the word “mnemonic”, which originated from an ancient Greek word meaning “of memory”.Each year, mnemonists participate in the World Memory Championships. This championship is a series of games that test a persons memory. Contestants are expected to behave in an e

188、thical way at all times: there must be no cheating, no help from others, and no use of drugs that enhance the memory.Listening 3To be continued Further ListeningSome of the events include memorizing numbers, words, faces, or images. There is also a “Speed Cards” event in which individuals must memorize the exact order of 54 cards as quickly as possible. The world record is 21.90 seconds. Listening 3To be continued 国际交流英语视听说国际交流英语视听说Thank You!