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1、英语句子成分英语句子成分SentenceComponents一、句子成分一、句子成分v一句子成分的定义：一句子成分的定义：v构成句子的各个局部叫做句子成分。构成句子的各个局部叫做句子成分。v句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；v主要成分有主语和谓语；主要成分有主语和谓语；v次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语。足语、同位语和插入语。二主语：二主语：v主语主语(Subject)v表示句子说的是什么人或什么事，是表示句子说的是什么人或什么事，是一个句子所表达的主体，一般位于句首。一个句子所表达的主体，一般位于句首。v但
2、在但在therebe构造、疑问句当主语构造、疑问句当主语不是疑问词时和倒装句中，主语位于不是疑问词时和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。v主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。句等表示。v1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirl
3、s.4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.名词代词数词不定式动名词名词化的形容词7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.主语从句it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式三谓语三谓语v谓语谓语(Predicate)说明主语所做的动作或说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，具有的特征和状态。动词
4、在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：v1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffattenoclock.三谓语三谓语vv2、复合谓语：、复合谓语：vv1由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：vvYoumaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.vv2由助动词加动词原形由助动词加动词原形,现在分词现在分词,过去分词过去分词构成。如：构成。如：vvDoyouspeakEnglish？vvT
5、heyareworkinginafield.vvHehascaughtabadcold.vv3由系动词加表语构成。如：由系动词加表语构成。如：vvWearestudents.vv注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。四表语四表语v表语表语(Predicative)v用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词如它一般位于系动词如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等之后。等之后。v表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副副词、不定式、动名
6、词、分词、介词短语及表词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：语从句表示。例如：1.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.名词名词2.Isityours?代词代词3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.形容词形容词4.Thespeechisexciting.现在分词现在分词5.Threetimessevenistwentyone.数词数词6.HisjobistoteachEnglish.不定式不定式7.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.动名词动名词8.Themeetingisofgreatimportance.介词短语介词
7、短语9.Timeisup.Theclassisover.副词副词10.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.表语从句表语从句注意：系动词注意：系动词Linkingverb)用于连接主语和用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。1状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，一词，例如：例如：Heisateacher.2持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有或态度，主要有keep,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如
8、：例如：Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.3表像系动词用来表示表像系动词用来表示“看起来像这一概念，主看起来像这一概念，主要有要有seem,appear,look,例如：例如：Heseems(tobe)verysad.注意：系动词注意：系动词Linkingverb)用于连接主语和表用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。4感官系动词主要有感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如：例如：Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.5变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有变化系动词表示主
9、语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如：例如：Theriverwasbeginningtorundry.6终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turnout,表达表达“证明是证明是;结果是，之结果是，之意，例如：意，例如：Therumor(谣言谣言)provedfalse.Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.五宾语五宾语v宾语宾语Object表示动作的对象或承爱者，一表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：v1.Heisd
10、oinghishomework.v2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.v3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.名词代词、动名词名词、数词4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.7.Ithinkthatheisfitforhisoffice.名词化形容词，名词不定式短语动名词短语宾语从句v宾语种类：宾语种类：v1双宾语间接宾语双
11、宾语间接宾语+直接宾语，例如：直接宾语，例如： v Lend me your dictionary, please.vto: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, bring, throw等，例如：等，例如：v He sent the novel to William yesterday.vfor: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等，例如：等，例如：v She bought a gift for her mothe
12、r.v2复合宾语宾语复合宾语宾语+宾补，例如：宾补，例如：v They elected him their monitor.v以下动词只能接不定式做宾语以下动词只能接不定式做宾语vask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,desire等，如：等，如：vHerefusedtolendmehisbike.v以下动词只能接动名词做宾语以下动词只能接动名词做宾语vadmit,avoid,ad
13、vise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等，如：等，如：vJohnhasadmittedbreakingthewindow.v以下动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做以下动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如宾语，但意义不同，如mean,try,remember,forget,regret等。等。vforgettodo表示表示“未发生的动作，未发生的动作，forgetdoing表示表示“已完成的动作。如：已完成的动作。如：vDontforgettocomehereearliertomo
14、rrow.(还没来还没来)vIforgotreturningthebooktohim.v(书已还给他了书已还给他了)v六宾语补足语六宾语补足语v宾语补足语宾语补足语ObjectComplement，用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。合宾语。v需接复合宾语的动词有：需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach，ask，see，have，order，make等。等。“宾补一般可由名词、形容宾补一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短
15、语和从句充当。例如：从句充当。例如：1.HisfathernamedhimXiaoming.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Letthefreshairin.4.Youmustntforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.名词形容词副词不定式短语现在分词介词短语从句七定语七定语v修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从
16、句称为定语(Attribute)。v定语可由以下等成分表示：定语可由以下等成分表示：v1.Guilinisabeautifulcity.形容词形容词v2.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.分词分词v3.Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.名词名词v4.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.代词代词5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.不定式短语不定式短语6.Theteachingp
17、lanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.动名词动名词7.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.介词短语介词短语8.Sheisthegirlwhosingsbestinmyclass.(定语从句定语从句)八状语八状语v修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语Adverbial。可由以下形式表示。可由以下形式表示：v1.Lighttravelsmostquickly.v2.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenye
18、ars.v3.Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.副词及副词性词组介词短语不定式短语4.Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.5.Waitaminute.6.Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.分词短语名词状语从句9种状语种类如下： 1.Howaboutmeetingagainat six?2.Lastnightshedidntgotothedancepartybecause of the rain.3.Ishallgothereif it doesnt rain.4
19、.MrSmithliveson the third floor.5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwith great care.时间状语原因状语条件状语地点状语方式状语vShecameinwith a dictionary in her hand.6.In order to catch up with the others,Imustworkharder.7.Hewassotiredthat he fell asleep immediately.8.Sheworksveryhardthough she is old.9.Iamtallerthan he is.伴随状语目
20、的状语结果状语让步状语比较状语 九同位语九同位语Appositive对前对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：任，如：ThisisMr.Zhou,ourheadmaster.Thisisgoodnewsthathehasfoundhisson.十插入语十插入语Parenthesis对一对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有句话做一些附加的解释，通常有tobehonest,Ithink(suppose,believe)等，如：等，如：Tobefrank,Idontquiteagreewithyou.句子成分详
21、解表句子成分详解表句子成分句子成分意意义充当充当词类例句例句主主语表示句子表示句子说的是什么人或什么的是什么人或什么事事名，代，数，不定名，代，数，不定式，式，动名名词，短，短语或或句子句子We study in Shenzhen Middle School.谓语说明主明主语做什么，是什么或怎做什么，是什么或怎么么样动词或或动词词组She is dancing under the tree.宾语表示表示动作行作行为的的对象象同主同主语Both of us like English.表表语与与联系系动词连用，一起构成用，一起构成谓语，说明主明主语的性的性质或特征或特征同主同主语Her fathe
22、r is a chemist.His words sound reasonable.定定语用来修用来修饰名名词或代或代词形，代，数，名形，代，数，名, 副，介副，介词短短语或句子或句子We have eight lessons every day.状状语修修饰动词，形容，形容词，副，副词，表，表示示动作作发生的生的时间，地点，原，地点，原因，目的，方式，因，目的，方式，结果等果等副副词，介，介词短短语或句或句子子He works very hard.They held a party in Hollywood.宾语补足足语逻辑上与上与宾语是主是主谓关系关系形容形容词，名，名词，介，介词短短语等
23、等She always keeps the house clean.主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！练习练习一一.指出以下句子划线局部是什么句子成分：指出以下句子划线局部是什么句子成分：1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinth
24、emorning.S.AttributeO.PredicateAdverbialAttributeAdverbialAdverbialv6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.v7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.v8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.v9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.v10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.v11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.v12.Tomcametoaskmeforad
25、vice.v13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.AttributePredicativeO. AdverbialPredicateS.PredicateS.PredicativePredicateO.AdverbialFO.RO.v14.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?v15.Tobehonest，yourpronunciationisnotsogood.v16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?v17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.v18.Itisourdutytokeepo
26、urclassroomcleanandtidy.v19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.v20.Theapplestastedsweet.O.AttributeParenthesisAdverbialO.AdverbialAdverbialFS.Predicative.Predicative划分划分句子成分句子成分1.Weareworking.2.Icanswimverywell.3.Thewaiterbroughtabottleofbeertome.4.Whydoesthewindblow.5.Therainhasbeenpullingdownforawholeday.6
27、.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.7.Jimaskedyoutogivehisbestwishestoeveryone.8.Youmustgetthecarreadybytomorrow.9.Ihavealotofclothestowash.Ihavealotofclothestobewashed.10.Hegavehissonsomeadviceonreading.11.Readmethefirstparagraph.12.Iveorderedsomesoupforyou.13.HebeganleaningEnglishtenyearsago.14.Mybei
28、nglateworriedmyteacher.15.Thatpresidenthimselfwouldvisitourschoolexcitedallofus.16.AprilDayisthespecialdayoftheyearwhenyouplayajokeonsomeone.17.Heusuallytakesanapafterlunch,asishishabit.18.Ifoundthebookinthecorneroftheroom.19.hefinishedlunchandwentintothegarden.20.Thetelephonerang.21.Westudyhard.22.
29、Hisfathermighthavedied.23.Willyouleavethedooropenwhengoingout.24.Canyoumakethedogstandstill?25.Thelandlordhadthemworkingdayandnight.26.Ithinkasoundknowledgeofgrammarisimportanttogoodwriting.27.Weallbreathe,eat,drink.28.Iwokeupat6:00inthemorning.29.Thebookweighsfivekilos.30.TheywillbeflyingtoLondon.3
30、1.Theshopassistantfoundsomecertainmaterialsforme.32.HepromisedmeanewEnglish-Chinesedictionary.33.Pleasepassanewly-publishedmagazinetome.34.HelivedinGuangZhou.35.Thefatherisshowingtheboyhowtoplanttrees.36.Hisunclelefthimsomemoney.37.SheisteachingthepianotoseveralofthevillagechildrenandshehastaughtusE
31、nglishfor3years.38.Ilikepopularmusic.39.Sheknowswhattodonext.40.Itexcitedallofusthatthepresidentwouldvisitourschool.二、用符号划出以下短文各句中的主语、谓语、宾语：vI hope you are very well. Im fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is th
32、e time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. vAlthough the farm
33、is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesnt often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels
34、 to different parts of the garden.三、用符号划出以下短文各句中的定语、状语、补语： vMost Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time. These parties often make us very happy. We cook meat on an open fire outside. Its great! Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion. Some of my friends drink beer. I don
35、t, because I have to drive home after the party. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time. How many different time areas do you have in China? Well, I must stop a
36、nd get some sleep. Please give my best regards to your parents. 四、选择填空：v()1._willleaveforBeijing.vA.NowtherethemanvB.ThemanherenowvC.ThemanwhoisherenowvD.Themanisherenowv()2.Theweather_.vA.wetandcoldB.iswetandcoldvC.notwetandcoldD.werewetandcoldv()3.Theappletasted_.vA.sweetsB.sweetlyvC.nicelyD.sweet
37、v()4.Hegotup_yesterdaymorning.vA.latelyB.latevC.latestD.latterv()5.Theactor_attheageof70.vA.deadB.diedvC.dyedD.dyingv()6._wereallverytired,butnoneof_wouldstoptotakearest.vA.We,usB.Us,wevC.We,ourD.We,wev()7.Hefoundthestreetmuch_.vA.crowdB.crowdingvC.crowdedD.crowdedlyv()8.Ithink_necessarytolearnEngli
38、shwell.vA.its B.itvC.thatD.thatisv()9.Thedog_mad.vA.looksB.islookedvC.isbeinglookedD.waslookedv()10.Iwillneverforgettheday_Ijoinedthearmy.vA.thatB.whenvC.inwhichD.where句子的类型句子的类型 1 1主语主语+ +谓语谓语 2 2主语主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语简单句简单句 3 3主语主语+连系动词连系动词+表语表语 4 4主语主语+ +谓语谓语+ +双宾语双宾语( (直接宾语和间直接宾语和间 接宾语接宾语) ) 5 5主语主语+ +谓
39、语谓语+ +复合宾语复合宾语( (宾语和宾语宾语和宾语 补足语补足语) )并列句并列句复合句复合句并列复合句并列复合句1 简单句简单句:只有一个主语只有一个主语(或并列主语或并列主语)和一个谓语和一个谓语(或或并列谓语并列谓语)的句子叫做简单句的句子叫做简单句:He learns German.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.We sang and danced yesterday evening.My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back
40、 home at seven in the evening.1.主语主语+谓语谓语2.主语主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语3.主语主语+系动词系动词+表语表语4.主语主语+谓语谓语+直接宾语直接宾语+间接宾语间接宾语5.主语主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语简单句的五种根本构造简单句的五种根本构造1.1.主语主语+ +谓语谓语Danny came back. It is raining.Some of them failed.1你你应当努力学当努力学习。 Youshouldstudyhard.2 那天早上我那天早上我们谈了很多。了很多。Thatmorningwetalkedagreatde
41、al. 2 2 主语主语+ +谓语谓语+ +宾语宾语Ibeatyou .主语主语 谓语谓语宾语宾语SVOv观察下面一个例句，你能找到句中的观察下面一个例句，你能找到句中的“主主语语、“谓语谓语、“宾语吗宾语吗?v因此这是个典型的因此这是个典型的“主谓宾句型。主谓宾句型。3.3.主语主语+ +系系动词动词+ +表语表语She was at home then.He became famous. He got angry.They all keep silent.1我的兄弟都是大学生。我的兄弟都是大学生。Mybrothersareallcollegestudents.2布朗夫人看起来很安康。布朗夫
42、人看起来很安康。MrsBrownlooksveryhealthy. More examples:1). The weather is very cold.2). She felt happy.3). Please keep silent!4). My father is an English teacher.5). The Lijiang River looks especially beautiful in the early morning.6). The surface of the table feels smooth.7). Leaves will turn yellow in au
43、tumn.8). The soup tasted delicious.9). That sounds reasonable.4.4.主语主语+ +谓语谓语+ +直接宾语直接宾语+ +间接宾语间接宾语Mary told us the reason.Danny sent me a film ticket.John gave her some suggestions 1.他把他把车票票给列列车员看。看。 He showed the ticket to the conductor. 2. 我父我父亲已已经给我我买了一了一辆新自行新自行车。My father has bought me a new bi
44、ke.5.5.主语主语+ +谓语谓语+ +宾语宾语+ +宾语补足语宾语补足语Mom asked him to turn off the radio. I observe a girl go by every day. She heard a baby crying downstairs.He let us use his computer. 1他请我们参加做游戏。他请我们参加做游戏。Heaskedustojoininthegame.2我要你把真相告诉我。我要你把真相告诉我。Iwantyoutotellmethetruth.Exercisev1.Ourschoolisnotfarfrommyho
45、me.v2.Itisagreatpleasuretotalkwithyouv3.Allofusconsideredhimhonest.v4.Mygrandfatherboughtmeapairofsportsshoes.v5.Hebrokeapieceofglass.v6.Hemadeitclearthathewouldleavethecityv7.Treesturngreenwhenspringcomes.v8.HedidntcomeThatiswhyhedidntknow 主语主语系动词系动词表语表语主主谓谓宾宾+宾补宾补主主谓谓宾宾+宾宾主主谓谓宾宾主主谓谓宾宾+宾补宾补主系主系表表主谓
46、主谓2 并列句并列句 : 并列句由等立连词或分号并列句由等立连词或分号;把两个或两把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。个以上的简单句连在一起构成。We help them and they help us.2) It is late, so we must hurry.3) The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 4) -Would you like to come to dinner tonight? - Id like to , but Im too busy.5) We must get up early tomorrow, or wel
47、l miss the first bus to the Great Wall.分句由并列连词分句由并列连词and, then, but, or, or else,so, for, while, when;bothand, eitheror,neithernor, not only,but also, as well as 等来连接。等来连接。He is a basketball fan, and his wife is a volleyball fan.Hurry up, or youll be late.He works hard while his brother is a lazy bo
48、ne.He was enjoying his KFC when a friend came.3复合句复合句: 含有一个或一个以上从句的含有一个或一个以上从句的句子叫复合句。句子叫复合句。1) Whats the name of the film that you saw yesterday?2) He said that he would go to the zoo with his mother.3) They took a lot of pictures when they were on the Great Wall?As is known to everybody, the moon
49、travels round the earth once every month.5) Whether well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.6) All that is needed is a supply of oil.7) The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.8) As the day went on, the weather got worse.4并列复合句：并列复合句即并列连词并列复合句：并列复合句即并列连词连接
50、的带从句的并列句。连接的带从句的并列句。English is widely used in the world, but China has the largest number of people who speak Chinese.判断以下句子判断以下句子1.Regularphysicalactivityhelpslowerbloodpressure.2.Wewatchedthetrainuntilitdisappearedinthedistance.3.Trafficaccidentsusuallyhappenwhenpeoplearenotcarefulenough.4.Organizationshopetoimprovethepublicsenvironmentalawareness.5.Icouldseepeoplemovingtoandfrointhesquare.6.Whatyousaidsoundsallright.7.Isupposeweoughttowaittillshearrives.知识回忆知识回忆Knowledge Knowledge ReviewReview祝您成功！
