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1、 The End of the Book? A Amazon, by far the largest bookseller in the country, reported on May 19 that it is now selling more books in its electronic Kindle format than in the old paper-and-ink format. That is remarkable, considering that the Kindle has only been around for four years. E-books now ac
2、count for 14 percent of all book sales in the country and are increasing far faster than overall book sales. E-book sales are up 146 percent over last year, while hardback sales increased 6 percent and paperbacks decreased 8 percent. B Does this spell the doom of the physical book? Certainly not imm
3、ediately, and perhaps not at all. What it does mean is that the book business will go through a transformation in the next decade or so more profound than any it has seen since Gutenberg introduced printing from moveable type in the 1450s. C Physical books will surely become much rarer in the market
4、place. Mass market paperbacks, which have been declining for years anyway, will probably disappear, as will hardbacks for mysteries, thrillers, “romance fiction,” etc. Such books, which only rarely end up in permanent collections, either private or public, will probably only be available as e-books
5、within a few years. Hardback and trade paperbacks for “serious” nonfiction and fiction will surely last longer. Perhaps it will become the mark of an author to reckon with that he or she is still published in hard copy. D As for childrens books, who knows? Childrens books are like dog food in that t
6、he purc hasers are not the consumers, so the market (and the marketing) is inherently strange. E For clues to the books future, lets look at some examples of technological change and see what happened to the old technology. F One technology replaces another only because the new technology is better,
7、 cheaper, or both. The greater the difference, the sooner and more thoroughly the new technology replaces the old. Printing with moveable type on paper dramatically reduced the cost of producing a book compared with the old-fashioned ones handwritten on vellum, which comes from sheepskin. A Bibleto
8、be sure, a long bookrequired vellum made from 300 sheepskins and countless man-hours of labor. Before printing arrived, a Bible cost more than a middle-class house. There were perhaps 50,000 books in all of Europe in 1450. By 1500 there were 10 million. G But while printing quickly caused the hand w
9、ritten book to die out, handwriting lingered on (继续存在) well into the 16th century. Very special books are still occasionally produced on vellum, but they are one-of-a-kind show pieces. HSometimes a new technology doesnt drive the old one out, but only parts of it while forcing the rest to evolve. Th
10、e movies were widely predicted to drive live theater out of the marketplace, but they didnt, because theater turned out to have qualities movies could not reproduce. Equally, TV was supposed to replace movies but, again, did not. I Movies did, however, fatally impact some parts of live theater. And
11、while TV didnt kill movies, it did kill second-rate pictures, shorts, and cartoons. J Nor did TV kill radio. Comedy and drama shows (“Jack Benny,” “Amos and Andy,” “The Shadow”) all migrated to television. But because you cant drive a car and watch television at the same time, rush hour became radio
12、s prime, while music, talk, and news radio greatly enlarged their audiences. Radio is today a very different business than in the late 1940s and a much larger one. K Sometimes old technology lingers for centuries because of its symbolic power. Mounted cavalry (骑兵) replaced the chariot (二轮战车) on the
13、battlefield around 1000 BC. But chariots maintained their place in parades and triumphs right up until the end of the Roman Empire 1,500 years later. The sword hasnt had a military function for a hundred years, but is still part of an officers full-dress uniform, precisely because a sword always sym
14、bolized “an officer and a gentleman.” L Sometimes new technology is a little cranky (不稳定的) at first. Television repairman was a common occupation in the 1950s, for instance. And so the old technology remains as a backup. Steamships captured the North Atlantic passenger business from sail in the 1840
15、s because of its much greater speed. But steamships didnt lose their sails until the 1880s, because early marine engines had a nasty habit of breaking down. Until ships became large enough (and engines small enough) to mount two engines side by side, they needed to keep sails. (The high cost of stea
16、m and the lesser need for speed kept the majority of the worlds ocean freight moving by sail until the early years of the 20th century.) M Then there is the fireplace. Central heating was present in every upper-and middle-class home by the second half of the 19th century. But functioning fireplaces
17、remain to this day a powerful selling point in a house or apartment. I suspect the reason is a deep-rooted love of the fire. Fire was one of the earliest major technological advances for humankind, providing heat, protection, and cooked food (which is much easier to cat and digest). Human control of
18、 fire goes back far enough (over a million years) that evolution could have produced a genetic leaning towards fire as a central aspect of human life. N Booksespecially books the average person could affordhavent been around long enough to produce evolutionary change in humans. But they have a power
19、ful hold on many people nonetheless, a hold extending far beyond their literary content. At their best, they are works of art and there is a tactile （触觉的） pleasure in books necessarily lost in e-book versions. The ability to quickly thumb through pages is also lost. And a room with books in it induc
20、es, at least in some, a feeling not dissimilar to that of a fire in the fireplace on a cold winters night. O For these reasons I think physical books will have a longer existence as a commercial product than some currently predict. Like swords, books have symbolic power. Like fireplaces, they induce
21、 a sense of comfort and warmth. And, perhaps, similar to sails, they make a useful back-up for when the lights go out. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。 46. Authors still published in printed versions will be considered important ones. 47. Some people are still in favor of printed books because of the sense of tou
22、ch they can provide. 48. The radio business has changed greatly and now attracts more listeners. 49. Contrary to many peoples prediction of its death, the film industry survived. 50. Remarkable changes have taken place in the book business. 51. Old technology sometimes continues to exist because of
23、its reliability. 52. The increase of e-book sales will force the book business to make changes not seen for centuries. 53. A new technology is unlikely to take the place of an old one without a clear advantage. 54. Paperbacks of popular literature are more likely to be replaced by e-books. 55. A hou
24、se with a fireplace has a stronger appeal to buyers. Section C Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the co
25、rresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. Passage One Questions 56 to 60are based on the following passage. The question of whether our government should promote science and technology or the liberal arts in higher education isnt an either/or proposition(命题)，althoug
26、h the current emphasis on preparing young Americans for STEM （science, technology, engineering, maths） -related fields can make it seem that way. The latest congressional report acknowledges the critical importance of technical training, but also asserts that the study of the humanities (人文学科)and so
27、cial sciences must remain central components of Americas educational system at all levels. Both are critical to producing citizens who can participate effectively in our democratic society, become innovative（创新的)leaders, and benefit from the spiritual enrichment that the reflection on the great idea
28、s of mankind over time provides. Parents and students who have invested heavily in higher education worry about graduates job prospects as technological advances and changes in domestic and global markets transform professions in ways that reduce wages and cut jobs. Under these circumstances, its na
29、tural to look for what may appear to be the most “practical” way out of the problem “Major in a subject designed to get you a job” seems the obvious answer to some, though this ignores the fact that many disciplines in the humanities characterized as “soft” often, in fact, lead to employment and suc
30、cess in the long run. Indeed, according to surveys, employers have expressed a preference for students who have received a broadly-based education that has taught them to write well, think critically, research creatively, and communicate easily. Moreover, students should be prepared not just for the
31、ir first job, but for their 4th and 5th jobs, as theres little reason to doubt that people entering the workforce today will be called upon to play many different roles over the course of their careers. The ones who will do the best in this new environment will be those whose educations have prepare
32、d them to be flexible. The ability to draw upon every available tool and insightpicked up from science, arts, and technologyto solve the problems of the future, and take advantage of the opportunities that present themselves, will be helpful to them and the United States. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。 56. What
33、 does the latest congressional report suggest? A) STEM-related subjects help students find jobs in the information society. B) The humanities and STEM subjects should be given equal importance. C) The liberal arts in higher education help enrich students spiritual life. D) Higher education should be
34、 adjusted to the practical needs of society. 57. What is the main concern of students when they choose a major? A) Their interest in relevant subjects. B) The academic value of the courses. C) The quality of education to receive. D) Their chances of getting a good job. 58. What does the author say a
35、bout the so called soft subjects? A) The benefit students in their future life. B) They broaden students range of interests. C) They improve students communication skills. D) They are essential to students healthy growth. 59. What kind of job applicants do employers look for? A) Those who have a str
36、ong sense of responsibility. B) Those who are good at solving practical problems. C) Those who are likely to become innovative leaders. D) Those who have received a well-rounded education. 60. What advice does the author give to college students? A) Seize opportunities to tap their potential. B) Try
37、 to take a variety of practical courses. C) Prepare themselves for different job options. D) Adopt a flexible approach to solving problems. Passage Two Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage. Energy independence. It has a nice ring to it. Doesnt it? If you think so, youre not alone, b
38、ecause energy independence has been the dream of American president for decades, and never more so than in the past few years, when the most recent oil price shock has been partly responsible for kicking off the great recession. “Energy independence” and its rhetorical (修辞的) companion “energy securi
39、ty” are, however, slippery concepts that are rarely though through. What is it we want independence from, exactly? Most people would probably say that they want to be independent from imported oil. But there are reasons that we buy all that old from elsewhere. The first reason is that we need it to
40、keep our economy running. Yes, there is a trickle （涓涓细流）of biofuel（生物燃料）available, and more may become available, but most biofuels cause economic waste and environmental destruction. Second, Americans have basically decided that they dont really want to produce all their own oil. They value the env
41、ironmental quality they preserve over their oil imports from abroad. Vast areas of the United States are off-limits to oil exploration and production in the name of environmental protection. To what extent are Americans really willing to endure the environmental impacts of domestic energy production
42、 in order to cut back imports? Third, there are benefits to trade. It allows for economic efficiency, and when we buy things from places that have lower production costs than we do, we benefit. And although you dont read about this much, the United States is also a large exporter of oil products, se
43、lling about 2 million barrels of petroleum products per day to about 90 countries. There is no question that the United States imports a great deal of energy and, in fact, relies on that steady flow to maintain its economy. When that flow is interrupted, we feel the pain in short supplies and higher
44、 prices, At the same time, we derive massive economic benefits when we buy the most affordable energy on the world market and when we engage in energy trade around the world. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。 61. What does the author say about energy independence for America? A) It sounds very attractive. C) It wi
45、ll bring oil prices down. B) It ensures national security. D) It has long been everyones dream. 62. What does the author think of biofuels? A) They keep Americas economy running healthily. B) They prove to be a good alternative to petroleum. C) They do not provide a sustainable energy supply. D) The
46、y cause serious damage to the environment. 63. Why does America rely heavily on oil imports? A) It wants to expand its storage of crude oil. B) Its own oil reserves are quickly running out. C) It wants to keep its own environment intact. D) Its own oil production falls short of demand. 64. What does
47、 the author say about oil trade? A) It proves profitable to both sides. C) It makes for economic prosperity. B) It improves economic efficiency. D) It saves the cost of oil exploration. 65. What is the authors purpose in writing the passage? A) To justify Americas dependence on oil imports. B) To arouse Americans awareness of the energy crisis. C) To stress the importance of energy conservation. D) To explain the increase of international oil trade.
