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1、 Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistantAcademic Writing17.10.2007 Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistantTable of Contents 1.StructureoftheWork1.1.Preliminaries1.2.MainBody1
2、.3.EndMatter2.CriteriaofAcademicWork2.1.Objectiveness2.2.Reliability2.3.Validity Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistantTable of Contents (continued)3.Citation3.1.DirectCitation3.2.IndirectCitation3.3.Footnotes4.Process4.1.Selectionofthe
3、ThesisTopic4.2.LiteratureResearch4.3.LiteratureOverviewandEvaluation4.4.Manuscript(ToolsandTechniques) Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistant1.1.Preliminaries ContentsTitelPageInformationaboutthetypeofwork,author,examineretc.Allsectionn
4、umbers,titlesandpagedetailsListsListsofalltables,figures,abbreviations Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistantJustus-LiebigUniversityGiessenFaculty09:AgriculturalSciences,NutritionalSciencesandEnvironmentalManagement Seminar Essay/Diplom
5、 Thesis/Master ThesisTitle of ThesisIfapplicable,SubtitleExaminer:Prof.Dr.NameSurnamePresentedby:NameSurnameGiessen,Data Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistantTable of Contents-Mustcompriseallpartsofthewrittenwork,usingexactthesamewordi
6、ngasthechapterheadings-PreferablyDecimal-ClassifyingSystemcanbeapplied,Character-NumeralSystemrecommendedincontentswithmorethan5levels(Sesink2000,p.97)-MaintextpagenumbersmustbewrittenwithArabicnumeral,Indexes-withRomannumeral.Titlepagedoesntrequireanynumber. Center for international Development and
7、 Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistantSource: TRAIKOVA D (2005): Gender Differences in non - farm rural employment, http:/ 30.09.2007 Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistantLists-Listofvisualsshowspagenumbersofuse
8、dtables,graphsorfigures-Thesemustbenumberedandcross-referencedintext-Allabbreviationswiththeexceptionofcommonones(etc.kg.)mustbelistedandexplainedinaccordingindex Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistantSource: TRAIKOVA D (2005): Gender D
9、ifferences in non - farm rural employment, 30.09.2007 Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistant1.2. Main BodyIntroductionBrief exposition of scientific problem being studiedMainTextChaptersreportingauthorsresearchConclusionSummeryofthework
10、,presentationofacquiredknowledge Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistant-Reasonsofthetopicchoiceorgeneralremarksregardingitsrelevance-Formulationofthesiscentralquestion-Briefoverviewofthesisstructureandsuggestionoftheargumentationdirecti
11、on Introduction Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistantMain Text-Placementofthetopicintothestateoftheartofscientificresearch;Disquisitionofmodels,theories,definitions-Explanatorystatementaboutappliedmethodologicalapproach-Presentationofe
12、mpiricalresearchresults-Discussion,i.e.assessmentandinterpretationoftheresults Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistantConclusion-LinkagebetweenthetopicquestionandresearchresultsDiscussion:-Recapoftheownspecificobservation-GeneralStatemen
13、trelatedtotheworksoftheothers(Katz2006,p.101)Conclusion Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistant1.3.End MatterAppendixListofallusedsourcesinalphabeticalorderAnnotationListofdetailedexplanationsthatexceedtheintrinsiccontentsDeclarationAffi
14、rmationthatthethesishasbeenwrittenreallybytheauthorReferencesMaycontainfulldetailsofdatacollected Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistantAppendix -Appendixisnotacommentary,itisadetailedexplanationthatistoolongfortheMethodssection(Katz200
15、6,p.66)-Itmightexplainamathematicalformula,detailofcomputerprogrammeorcontainquestionnaires,statisticalmaterials,textofalawetc. Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistantAnnotation, Declaration-Annotationcanbeattachedtothethesisasalistofexp
16、lanatorynotesnumberedtroughthewholethesis(Ofcourseiftheyarenotsetasfootnotesbelowthetext)-Inthedeclarationtheauthorassuresthatthethesiswaswrittenindependentlyandwithoutunquotedexternalassistance.Itmustbesignedbyhand. Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze
17、 Research assistantReferences (1)-Therearemanywaysofwritingalistofreferences.Importantistouseoneofthemconsistently-Referencecanbedividedintotheprimaryandsecondaryliteratureparts-Itisrecommendedtoindentsecondetc.Lines-Alphabeticalorderispreferablyused.Workswithnoauthorshouldbealphabetisedbythefirstsi
18、gnificantwordinthetitleSources: Theissen 1998;Sesink 2000 Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistantReferences (2)Books(GeneralForm):Author(yearofpublication):Title.Subtitle.Edition.Placeofpublication:PublisherOneAuthor:Curtiss,J(2002):Effi
19、ciencyandStructuralChangesinTransition.AStochasticFrontierAnalysisofCzechCropProduction.Aachen:ShakerTwoAuthors:Lanjouw,P.,G.Feder(2001):RuralNon-FarmActivitiesandRuralDevelopment.RuralDevelopmentStrategyBackgroundPaper4/2001.WashingtonD.C.,USA:TheWorldBankRuralDevelopmentFamily.Note:These reference
20、 rules are oriented to the statements of Prof. Dr. Leonhuser, from Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistantReference (3)MoreThan3Authors:TheNameofthefirstAuthorwiththeadditionetal.”NewspaperArticle:Author(yearofpublication):Title.Subtitle
21、.NewspaperTitlecanbeitalic.Volume(Event.Nr.):PagesnumbersMcPherson,M.A.etal.(2000):ARe-ExaminationoftheLinderHypothesis.ARandom-EffectsTobitApproach.InternationalEconomicJournal.14(3):123-136 Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistantRefere
22、nce (4)TotheBooksorarticles,twoormorebythesameauthorinthesameyear,areaddedsmallLatinletters:LyonsJ.(1981a):Languageandlinguistics.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.LyonsJ.(1981b):Language,meaningandcontext.London:Fontana.Articlesincollectiveeditions:AUTHOR(yearofpublication):Title.Subtitle.In:Edito
23、r(Ed.):Title.Subtitle.Edition,Placeofpublication:Publisher,PagenumbersSternH.H.,A.Weinrib(1978):Foreignlanguagesforyoungerchildren:Trendsandassessment.In:KinsellaV.(Ed.):Languageteachingandlinguistics:Surveys.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,152-172 Center for international Development and Environ
24、mental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistantReferences (5)DocumentsobtainedfromtheInternetshoulddemonstratetheauthor(editor)andthetitle.TheURLinformationisplacedattheendofthereference.Itisimportanttostatethedateofretrieval:FishbeinM.,I.Ajzen(1975):Belief,Attitude,IntentionandBehavior.AnInt
25、roducingtoTheoryandResearch.unix.oit.umass.edu/aizen/f&a1975.html,30.09.2007 Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistantWhich Internet Sources are reliable“?-OfficialInstitutions,forexampleBMVEL,EU-KOM,USDA-Universities,forexampleBerlin,Bonn
26、,Kiel,Gttingen,Halle.-ResearchInstitutesinGermanyforexampleFAL,ZEF,IAMO-InternationalResearchInstitutes,forexampleIFPRI,FAPRI-InternationalOrganisations,forexampleFAO,UN,OECD,WTO.-Electronicjournalarticles Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research a
27、ssistant2.1.Objectivity-Thefindingsmustoriginatefromargumentationthroughconsiderationofdifferentacademicpositions,notfromprejudicesorarbitraryopinions(faculty03deanship2006,p.3)-Theworkmustbeintersubjective,i.e.madestatementsmustbeexaminableforeveryone(Peteren1994,p.25) Center for international Deve
28、lopment and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistant2.2. Reliability-Ontheonehandthereliabilityreferstothedisclosureofallusedsources-Ontheotherhandfacts(varifiableissues),valuationsandunfoundedassumptionsmustbedifferentiatedfromeachotherinthetextandmustbeevidentassuch.-Usedproce
29、duresmustprovideexactlythesameresultsbyrepeating Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistant2.3.ValidityThevalidityreferstothetopicofthework:Itintheworkmustbeactuallytreatedthat,whatthetitle,thetopicallege.Theworkmustgiveonlyanswerstotheques
30、tionsresultingfromthetopicNote: Theauthoroftheacademicworkshouldalwaysremainwiththetruthandalwaysindicateadoptedideasassuch. Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistant3.Citation-Theauthorcanshow,thatshe/heisawareofthemajorareaofthoughtinthe
31、specificfieldofstudy-Tosupportownviewpointsbyreferringtootherpeopleswork.-Tostrengthenyourownargument-ToprovidedetailsorbackgroundInformationNote: these paragraph is mainly oriented to the statements of Prof. Dr. Leonhuser from and “Aknowledging sources of academic writing” 30.09.2007 Center for int
32、ernational Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistant3.1.Direct citation (1)-Inthedirectcitationanotherauthorsexactwordingisarequoted.Eventheerrorsorspellingmistakesmustbecopied,(whichcanbemarkedwith!orsic!)-OwnEmphasisoramendmentshavetobemarkedwith,omissions-with(
33、.)foroneand()formorethanonewords-Thequotationmarkswithinthecitationconvertintosinglemarks(,) Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistant3.1.Direct citation (2)-Author-Date(Harvard“)quotationsysteminsertstheName(eventuallyinCapitalLetters)ofw
34、riter,theyearofpublication,aswellasthepageinformationintoellipsisaftereverycitation.-Therearetwotypesofdirectquotations:short(upto2lines,noseparationfromtheparagraphneeded,Quataionmarksnecessary)andlong(morethan2lines,separatedfromtherestoftheparagraph,indentedatleftandrightmargins,putinsmallerpoint
35、size,noquotationmarks) Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistant3.1.Direct citation (3)Examples:Languageissubjecttochange,andisnotcausedbyunnecessarysloppiness,lazinessorignorance“(Aitchison1981,p16).ForexampleinhismostfamousworkAitchisona
36、rgues,that:Language,then,likeeverythingelse,graduallytransformsitselfoverthecenturies.Thereisnothingsurprisinginthis.Inaworldwherehumansgrowold,tadpoleschangeintofrogs,andmilkturnsintocheese,itwouldbestrangeiflanguagealoneremainedunaltered.Inspiteofthis,largenumbersofintelligentpeoplecondemnandresen
37、tlanguagechange,regardingalterationsasduetounnecessarysloppiness,lazinessorignorance(Aitchison1981,p.16). Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistant3.2.Indirect CitationIndirectquotationmeanstheparaphraseorsummeryofanotherauthorsideas-Sourc
38、eacknowledgmentcanbeginwith“see”-Longpassagescanbeintroducedwith“AsSmithputsit”-Thesourceacknowledgmentappearsintheendofthewholepassage-Ifthesummarizedlineofthoughtsrefertoseveralauthors,theyallmustbespecified. Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Resea
39、rch assistantRecitationToacknowledgetheideasofoneauthorfoundintheworkofanother,thein-textreferencemustmentiontwonames:a.theauthoroftheideayouandb.thesourcewhereitwasfoundin.Forexample:(Wilson1989,citedinSmith1995,p.4).However,thereferencesshouldonlygivedetailsofthesourcewhereitwasfounditin(inthiscas
40、e,Smith1995). Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistant3.3.Footnotes (1)-SomeauthorspreferthefootnotingsystemtotheAuthor-datesystem.Inthefootnotingsystem,nocitationsareputintothetext.-Allreferencesaresignpostedwithasmallsuperscriptnumberan
41、dthecitationappearsatthebottomofthepagewiththerelevantnumber. Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistant3.3.Footnotes (2)-Atthefirstmention ofasource,thefullreference(asitwouldappearinthereferencelist)pluspagenumberisrequired-Forfollowingme
42、ntions,oneofthefollowingAbbreviationscanbeused:(a)If the source is exactly the same as the one immediately before it, the term ibid should be used, plus the page number if that is different. (b)If the source is not exactly the same as the one immediately before it, use the authors name plus op.cit,
43、plus the page number. Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistant4.1. Selection of thesis topic-Relevancetothelaterprofession-Proofofadditionalquolifications-Possibilityofthefurtherqualification(PhD)-Welldefinedtopicbetterthantoocomprehensiv
44、eones Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistant4.2.Literature Research (1)SystematicMethod:-SecondarySources(Encyclopaedias,Dictionaries)-LibraryCatalogues(Books,Collectededitions,Journals,Newspapers,Magazines)-Bibliographies-OfficialPubli
45、cations-InternetSources(SubjectDatabases,InternetSubjectGateways) Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistant4.2.Literature Research (2)PragmaticWay:Researchoftherelevantliteraturethroughthereferencelistofalreadyfoundsources.Notedisadvantage
46、s:-Dangerofclosed-circle-system“-Mostlylessup-todatesources Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistantLiteratureResearchintheDigitalLibrary Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assista
47、ntRelevant Databases (1)Agris - Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Food Sciences and Environmental ProtectionAgricola - Agricultural Sciences inclusive Nutritional Sciences Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistantRelevant Databases (2)
48、CAB Abstracts - Agricultural Sciences, inclusive Nutritional and Forest, Food and all related Sciences, Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistantRelevant Databases (3)ELFIS - Agricultural, Nutritional and Forest Sciences Center for interna
49、tional Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistantSearching of Articles in Journals (1) Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistantSearching of Articles in Journals (2)Selection of both: printed / electronic
50、 magazines and the electronic magazine library Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistantSearching of Articles in Journals (3)Some Articles from the journals of electronic libraries are free availableAlternatively, there is also a part of t
51、he journals in the stock of the University Libraries Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistantData ResearchDiversedataandstatisticscanbefoundforexampleonthepagesoffollowinginstitutions:WTO(WorldTradeOrganization;)FAO(FoodandAgricultureOrga
52、nizationoftheUnitedNations;)OECD(OrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment;)UNcomtrade(UnitedNationsCommodityTradeStatisticsDatabase;)WorldBank() Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistant4.3.Literature Overview and Evaluation-Viewi
53、ngofabstract,reviews,tablesofcontents-Acquisitionofrelevantliterature-Readingandexcerption-Structuringofobtainedmaterial Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistant4.4.Manuscript (Tools and Techniques)-Listsofideas,notes,facts-Transformationoftheselistsintosentences-paragraphs-Polishingthewritingintostraightforwordnarrative(Katz2006) Center for international Development and Environmental Research (ZEU) Nino Chkoidze Research assistantTankyouforyourattention!
