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1、Unit 15 A Little Cloud一朵浮云一朵浮云11.AbouttheauthorHewasanIrishnovelistandpoet1882borninDublin18886boardingschool1893-97BelvedereCollege1903motherdied1904leftwithNoraBornintoadecliningIrishmiddleclassfamily1941年1月10日，因腹部痉挛住院，查明系十二指肠溃疡穿孔，十三日凌晨去世，享年59岁。十五日葬于苏黎世的弗林贴隆坟地。伦敦泰晤士报刊载了一篇对乔伊斯缺乏理解的悼文。TS艾略特立即写文章表示抗议
2、，并在地平线杂志三月号上发表告鱼书一文，进一步反击。维吉尼亚沃尔夫接到讣告，感慨系之（她于同年3月28日也自杀身死）。2JAMESJOYCE3JAMESJOYCE乔伊斯在作品中所表现出来的对民族对国家的热爱，深深感动着爱尔兰人民。而爱尔兰人是这么崇拜乔伊斯的，甚至把尤利西斯中描写主人公利奥波德布鲁姆一天全部活动的六月十六日定为“布鲁姆日”，该节日后来成为了仅次于国庆日（三月十七日圣巴特里克节）的大节日4At age 6, 1888Bust of James Joyce in Dublin5His literary passions includedsuch world masters as D
3、ante,Flaubert（福福楼楼拜拜）, Ibsen（易易卜卜生生）,andTolstoy（托托尔尔斯斯泰泰）,andhisfirstessayonIbsen,publishedwhenhewasastudent at the University ofDublin, won the admiration oftheagingNorwegianplaywrighthimself.62.HisMainWorksThe Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man一个青年一个青年艺术家的自画像家的自画像(1916)took10yearsand3thoroughre
4、visionstofinishUlysses尤利西斯尤利西斯(1922)10yearsforconceptionand8yearsforexecution,andFinnegans Wake芬尼根的守灵夜芬尼根的守灵夜(1939)awholeof16years.HisfirstimportantworkisDubliners都柏都柏林人林人（1907).7主要作品是短篇小说集都柏林人都柏林人（1914）描写下层市民的日常生活，显示社会环境对人的理想和希望的毁灭。乔伊斯的文学生涯也是始于他1904年开始创作的短篇小说集都柏林人都柏林人。在写给出版商理查兹的一封信中，他明确地表述了这本书的创作原则
5、：“我的宗旨是要为我国的道德和精神史写下自己的一章。”这实际上也成了他一生文学追求的目标。在乔伊斯眼中，处于大英帝国和天主教会双重压迫和钳制下的爱尔兰是一个不可救药的国家，而都柏林则是它“瘫痪的中心”，在这个城市里每时每地都上演着麻木、苦闷、沦落的一幕幕活剧。自传体小说青年艺术家的自画像青年艺术家的自画像（1916）以大量内心独白描述人物心理及其周围世界。代表作长篇小说尤利西斯尤利西斯（1922）表现现代社会中人的孤独与悲观。后期作品长篇小说芬尼根的守灵夜芬尼根的守灵夜（1939）借用梦境表达对人类的存在和命运的终极思考，语言极为晦涩难懂。893.AbouttheTextQuestions:1
6、.Whoarethemaincharacters?2.Whatarethefeathersofthem?3.Whatstheirrelationshipbetweeneachother?4.WhydoesLittleChandleradmireandenvyGallaher?DoyouthinkGallaherisasuccessfuljournalist?10ThecharactersLittleChandlerandIgnatiusGallagherThemaincharacterofthestoryisintroducedinthefirstlineslikeLittleChandler
7、notonlyforhisstature,thatisslightlyundertheaverage,butbecausehegivesone“theideaofbeingalittleman”.Thoughnotexceptionallyshort,hehassmallhands,afragileframeandaquietvoice;besideshehasrefinedhairandmoustache,perfectnailsandwhiteteethlikeachilds.OncemoreinDubliners,descriptionsarefunctionaltosymbolisma
8、ndJoycedepictsChandlersphysicalaspectingreatdetailtorevealcertaininnerqualities.11ThomasChandlerisathirtytwoyearoldIrishmanbutheisimmature.Everythingabouthimis“little”,includinghiswhitehandsonwiththeir“perfecthalfmoons”andhecomesacrosstothereaderasbeingaslimyperson,oneofthosewhoaretypicalfailuresinl
9、ife.Heworksasaclerkandhasvaguepoeticaspirations,butthedemandsofordinarylifemakethatdreamimpossible.Hespendshistimeintheofficewatchingpeopleoutsidethewindowandthinkingofthemelancholyoflife;hewitnessestotheworldbecauseheisntabletolivehisownlifeinagoodmanner,trappedandparalyzedasheis.LittleChandlerfeel
10、sdisillusionedandheknows“howuselessitwastostruggleagainstfortune”,infacthisentrapmentismorethangeographical;itderivesnotonlyfromhislivinginDublin,butwholeIrelandformsakindofmentalcageforhim.Hedoesnthaveevenspirittorevealhispoetictendencytohiswifeandalthoughheisseizedbythedesiretoreadsomethingtoher,“
11、hisshynesshadalwaysheldhimback”.12GallaherAtthebeginningofthetale,Chandlerisflatteredtohavesuchafriend,andevenifherecognizeshisinferiorityincomparisontoIgnatius,hefeelsonlyadmirationforhim,withoutanybadfeelings.Sittingathisdesk,hethinksofthechangesduringthoseeightyears:“thefriendwhomhehadknownundera
12、shabbyandnecessitousguisehadbecomeabrilliantfigureontheLondonPress”.Whatabouthimself?HelivesstillinDublin,hehadalwayslivedthere,andhisfarthestjourneywastotheIsleofMan,significantlya“little”island.Sofar,hehasbuiltaprisonaroundhim,consistingofhisunsatisfactoryjobandboringmarriedlife,while,onthecontrar
13、y,Gallagherstillhasa“vagrantandtriumphantlife”,madeupofactivesociallife,journeysandcharmingexcitingencounters.“wild”13Settings:1).EverydayDublinofLittleChandlerslifeisacityofwhichisgivenanimageofdecrepitude,decayandextremeshabbiness:eventhegoldenlightofsunsetcantembellishit.Wereadof“verminlikelife”a
14、nd“gauntspectralmansions”wherelostmemoriesofthepastnolongersurvive.Thechildrenplayalongdirtystreets“crawl”and“squat”likemiceuponthethresholdsofthepoorhouses.2).TheofficeinKingsInnswhereLittleChandlerhasbeenworkingforeightyearsisbrieflyhintedat.ThereLittleChandlercarriesouta“tiresomewriting”,anunsati
15、sfactoryjobwhichmakeshimsadandmelancholy.Hehasnofriendsthereonlyfellow-clerks.Inthatsituationhefeelsaloser,aprisonerofparalysis.Theonlyfleetingjoyistheendofworkday.ObviouslythesettingoftheofficerepresentstheparalysisthatLittleChandlerfeels.143).Whenthescenesmovestotheluxuriouscosmopolitanbar,wherehe
16、istomeethisfriend,weplungeintoaquitedifferentworld.LittleChandlerhasneverdaredtoenterCorlesssbefore.Itisaplaceforwomengoddess-likerichlydressedandtheatre-goerswhoareservedoystersandliqueursbywaitersspeakingforeignlanguages.ItisasymbolofaneasygoingelitarianlifeunattainablebyLittleChandler.4).LittleCh
17、andlershomeisanuncomfortableplacewithmeanshabbyfurniturebought“onthehiresystem”.WhenhegoeshomeafterCorlessshefeelshehateseverythingthere;evenhiswifesphotolooksmeandevoidofromance,poetryandpassion.Inhishomehefeelsdefinitelyentrapped,“aprisonerforlife”.15Thetextcanbegenerallydividedinto5parts:Part1.Th
18、estoryfollowsThomasChandler,orLittleChandlerasheisknown,throughaportionofhisday.ThestorydropsthereaderintoLittleChandlerslifewhenheisatwork.Hecannotfocusforheispreoccupiedwiththethoughtofavisitlaterthatday.HeanxiouslyawaitsthisvisitthatwillbewithhisoldfriendIgnatiusGallaher.Gallaherisnowabrilliantfi
19、gureintheLondonPressandLittleChandlerhasnotseenhimineightyears.AsLittleChandlerthinksabouthisoldfriendandthesuccessthathascometohim,hebeginstoreflectuponhisownlife.ThisreflectiongivesthereaderinsighttoLittleChandlerscharacter.ThereaderseesLittleChandlerasamereobserveroflife,areluctantcharacter.Heist
20、imid,becauseheenjoyspoetryyetistooshytoreadittohiswife.16Part2 LittleChandlerlikestothinkthathehimselfcouldhavebeenawriterifonlyhehadputhismindtoit.Allofthedifferentmoodsandimpressionshewishedtoexpressinversecouldstillbeachievedifhecouldjustexpresshimself.ButasmuchasLittleChandlercoversuphistruefeel
21、ingswiththesethoughtsthatseemtocomforthim,thereadercanseepastthis.ThereadercanseethatLittleChandlerinfactfeelsincompetent,underachieved,andultimatelyinferiortohisfriendGallaher.Part3 ThesefeelingsaremoreclearlyexposedtothereaderinthebarwhereLittleChandleractuallymeetsGallaher.Here,Gallahertellsencha
22、ntingstoriesofhisvasttraveling.HislifeistheexactoppositeofLittleChandlersandLittleChandlerbeginstofeelthathiswifeisholdinghimbackfromsuccessasaresultofGallahersglorificationofhistravelsandfreedoms.17Withouthiswife,withouthislittleboy,hewouldbefreetoprosper.DeepjealousysetsintoLittleChandler.Itseemsa
23、sthoughthemoretheydrink,andthelongertheytalk,themoreinferiorChandlerfeels.Still,hetriestohidehisenvyofGallaherslifebysayinghowonedayGallaherwillgetmarriedandstartafamilytoo.Part4 JoyceshiftsthescenetoLittleChandlershome.WefindLittleChandlerwithhischildinhisarms.Heissittingatatablelookingatapictureof
24、hiswife,Anna.Helooksintohereyessearchingforanswerstohisnowconfusedstateofmind.Allhefindsiscoldness.Heseesaprettygirl,buthecanseenolifeinher,andhecomparesherunfavourablytotherich,exoticwomenGallahersaysareavailabletohim.HewonderswhyhemarriedAnna.HethenopensabookofByronspoetryandbeginstoreaduntilthech
25、ildbeginstocryandLittleChandlerfindshecannotcomforthim.LittleChandlersnapsathisson.ThefrightenedbabycriesharderandharderuntilAnniecomes.ThroughherinteractionwithLittleChandlerandthechild,itbecomesapparentthatLittleChandlerisnothermainpriority.18Part5LittleChandlerfeelstrapped.Allfeelingsofhopethatex
26、istedatthebeginningofthedayarenowgone.ItisatthismomentthatLittleChandlerreachesadeepmomentofrecognition.Hefinallyseesthetruththatthereaderhasknownallalong.Hisownreluctanceistheonlythingresponsibleforhisfeelingsofincompleteness,andhecannowonlyblamehimself.TearscometoLittleChandlerseyes,andthestoryisc
27、utoff.19故事主题故事主题一朵浮云是乔伊斯都柏林人成年期的代表作之一,讲述了都柏林的一办事员小钱德勒去豪华酒店赴一位八年未见的老朋友加拉赫的相约。多愁善感的小钱德勒在裹足不前的事业及成天算计柴米油盐的婚姻生活里日渐孤独、麻痹。他小心翼翼地怀揣着当年两人的情分,急切渴望通过昔日穷困潦倒如今声名显赫的故友的帮忙,实现自己做诗人的梦想,成就一番事业。可谁料他幻想破灭,友情难叙,终究回到百无聊赖的家庭琐屑生活当中,自哀成泣。正如其在小说集结构编排上的独具匠心和在主题阐述上的深藏不露一样,乔伊斯在整个文学创作过程中特别讲究新颖、偏爱隐晦。乔伊斯本人及对一朵浮云进行研究的学者专家都曾提出该文本体现的
28、是“精神麻痹”这一主题。他们认为，一朵浮云没有动人心魄的情节，因为表现“精神麻痹”这一主题并不需要曲折复杂的情节。相反，重要的是读者对顿悟的理解。只有理解了顿悟才能真正理解作者的意图。人物的每一次顿悟都展示了一种道德或精神上的瘫痪。20人物刻画人物刻画（一）在外貌上，作者通过“childish”,“whiteteeth”,“neat”,“blush”,“serious”,“timid”,“shy”,“melancholy”,“pious”等词汇来描写小钱德勒的“手又白又小,身架单薄,声音细小,举止文雅；月牙形的指甲修剪得尽善尽美,他启齿微笑的时候你能瞥见一排孩子般的白牙”等。而加拉赫是“面带倦
29、容、脸色苍白，系着鲜艳的橙色领带，嘴唇显得很长，轮廓不清，没有血色”。（二）性格方面，小钱德勒内向、羞涩，甚至连想把自己喜欢的诗读给妻子听都不好意思；给妻子去买女衫的时候更是“那天他多受罪啊，在商店门口等着里面的顾客离去，站在柜台旁边努力装出轻松自在的样子”，等付过了钱，由于过于紧张，“却忘记了拿走找给他的便士，又被收银员叫了回去”，最后在离开商店时，又“佯装检查衬衫包扎得是否牢固以掩饰自己的羞颜”。而加拉赫则是一个外向、善于交际的人，他能在伦敦报界走红这一事实便是一个很好的佐证。小钱德勒性格中有深深的自卑感，在晚上路过科利斯酒吧时“他总是头也不回地匆匆走过”，夜晚在走路时，他有时故意选那种最
30、黑、最窄的街道，壮起胆子向前走，静寂中传得很远的脚步声使他难受，游荡、悄无声息的人影也使他难受，偶尔传来的一阵低沉飘忽的笑声更使他“像一片叶子”那样颤抖。21当想到马上要与飞黄腾达的老朋友会面时“他生平第一次感到比路人有一种优越感”。但加拉赫则截然相反,“他放浪形骸，和一伙放荡不羁的家伙混在一起，暴喝暴饮，债台高筑”，甚至就是在让钱逼得走投无路的时候，也能保持一副依然故我的面容，8年之后发迹了，春风得意之情更不待言。故事情节故事情节一朵浮云这篇小说在情节分布上呈平缓状态。中间是故事发展的高潮，相对比较密集，而故事头尾相对平和。从小说中我们可以看出，故事的开头主要是一些情况的介绍，故事的结尾是主
31、人公日常生活的回归。整篇小说的主要部分是描写小钱德勒与加拉赫在酒吧的会面与长谈，加拉赫就像一面镜子反射出岁月的沧桑与印记。22象征手法象征手法象征手法是一种语言，是叙述语言之外的弦外之音，是一种寓意，潜藏在字里行间，让读者去领会，给读者一种暗示，也让读者去思索、去想象、去展开思维的空间。象征手法是现代小说尤其是短篇作家经常采用的手法之一，使用它可以多层次地、立体地表现作品主题，揭示人物的思想、性格特征及命运。乔伊斯对象征手法运用是丰实、多变、自然流畅的。Examples:文本中开头有这样的句子：“Heturnedoftenfromhistiresomewritingtogazeoutofthe
32、officewindow.”“forhismindwasfullofapresentjoy”小说中小钱德勒的办公室象征着瘫痪与束缚,而科利斯酒吧则象征着机会与逃离。离开办公室时,钱德勒充满了兴奋与希冀,由此我们也可以看出他潜意识中的逃离现实生活的愿望。23小钱德勒平时对酒吧是敬而远之，“Hehadalwayspassedwithoutturninghisheadtolook”，但是这次却是充满期待地去酒吧，那是因为他急于见一见那成功的、在出版社有所成就的老朋友加拉赫。因为小钱德勒想通过加拉赫离开这座城市，奔向他认为的美好未来。小说ALittleCloud标题得名与圣经故事渊源颇深，小说原文题注说明标题正是取于圣经列王记第18章第44节记载:“第七次仆人说:我看见有一小片云从海里上来。”故事讲述的是当时撒玛利亚地方长久干旱,到处是饿殍,但当居民信仰耶和华为上帝后开始降雨。故而圣经中“一小片云”指的是雨的前兆,象征生活的希望和生命的萌发,寓意明显。但是,让人纳闷的是,乔伊斯笔下所着重刻画的小钱德勒生活平庸、思想麻痹，即便偶尔一次精神大振,也只是很快幻想破灭,回归现实。24Thankyouforyourattention!25
