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1、Unit 16Conventional wastewater Treatment Processes传统污水处理过程传统污水处理过程传统污水处理过程传统污水处理过程1n nConventionalConventional wastewaterwastewater treatmenttreatment consistsconsists ofof preliminarypreliminaryprocessesprocesses(pumping,(pumping,screening,screening,andandgritgritremoval),removal),primaryprimaryset
2、tlingsettlingtoto removeremove heavyheavy solidssolids andand floatablefloatable material,material, andand secondarysecondarybiologicalbiological aerationaeration toto metabolizemetabolize andand flocculateflocculate colloidalcolloidal andanddissolvedorganics.dissolvedorganics.n n传传统统的的废废水水处处理理包包括括初
3、初步步处处理理（提提升升，筛筛选选和和除除砂砂），初初沉沉去去除除重重金金属属固固体体和和漂漂浮浮物物质质，二二级级曝曝气气生生物物代代谢谢和和絮絮凝凝去去除除胶体和溶解的有机物。胶体和溶解的有机物。n nWasteWastesludgesludgedrawndrawnfromfromthesetheseunitunitoperationsoperationsisisthickenedthickenedandandprocessedforultimatedisposal(Fig.33).processedforultimatedisposal(Fig.33).n n从从这这些些单单元元操操作作
4、产产生生的的污污泥泥，被被浓浓缩缩以以便便最最终终处处理理（图图3 33 3）。）。2n n PreliminaryTreatmentUnitsPreliminaryTreatmentUnitsn nTheThefollowingfollowingpreliminarypreliminaryprocessesprocessescancanbebeusedusedininmunicipalmunicipalwastewaterwastewatertreatment:treatment: coarsecoarse screeningscreening (bar(bar racks),racks),
5、 mediummedium screening,screening, comminutioncomminution, ,flowflowmeasuring,measuring,pumping,pumping,gritgritremovalremovalpre-aeration,pre-aeration,flotation,flotation,flocculation,flocculation,andchemicaltreatment.andchemicaltreatment.n n以以下下初初步步处处理理可可以以在在市市政政污污水水处处理理中中使使用用：粗粗筛筛（格格栅栅），中中筛筛选选，粉碎
6、，计量泵，抽，预曝气除砂，气浮，絮凝和化学处理。粉碎，计量泵，抽，预曝气除砂，气浮，絮凝和化学处理。n nTheThelatterlatterthreethreearearenotnotcommoncommoninindomesticdomesticwastewaterwastewatertreatment.treatment.TheseThesepracticespracticesarearesometimessometimesdictateddictatedbybythetheindustrialindustrialpollutantspollutantsininthethemunicip
7、almunicipalwastewater.wastewater.n n后后三三种种在在生生活活污污水水处处理理是是不不常常见见的的。这这些些过过程程有有时时由由城城市市污污水水所所含含的的工业污染物决定。工业污染物决定。3n nFlotationFlotation isis usedused toto removeremove finefine suspensions,suspensions, greasegrease andand fatsfats andand isisperformedperformedeithereitherinina aseparateseparateunituni
8、tororinina apre-aerationpre-aerationtanktankalsoalsousedusedforforgritgritremoval.removal.n n气气浮浮是是用用于于去去除除细细小小悬悬浮浮物物，油油脂脂和和脂脂肪肪，要要么么是是在在一一个个单单独独的的处处理理单元或在预曝气池用于除砂。单元或在预曝气池用于除砂。n nIfIf adequateadequate pretreatmentpretreatment isis providedprovided byby petroleumpetroleum industriesindustries andand
9、 meat-meat-processingplants,flotationunitsarenotrequiredatamunicipalfacility.processingplants,flotationunitsarenotrequiredatamunicipalfacility.n n在在石石油油工工业业和和肉肉类类加加工工厂厂处处理理中中，如如果果有有足足够够的的预预处处理理，气气浮浮单单元元在在市政设施是不需要的。市政设施是不需要的。n nFlocculationFlocculationwithwithororwithoutwithoutchemicalchemicaladditio
10、nadditionmaymaybebepracticedpracticedononhigh-high-strengthstrengthmunicipalmunicipalwasteswastestotoprovideprovideincreasedincreasedprimaryprimaryremovalremovalandandpreventpreventexcessiveloadsonthesecondarytreatmentprocessed.excessiveloadsonthesecondarytreatmentprocessed.n n无无论论有有没没有有化化学学添添加加剂剂的的
11、絮絮凝凝过过程程，高高浓浓度度的的市市政政污污水水必必须须经经过过足足够够的预处理，防止在二级处理中有过度负荷。的预处理，防止在二级处理中有过度负荷。n nChlorinationChlorinationofofrawrawwastewaterwastewaterisissometimessometimesusedusedforforodorodorcontrolcontrolandandtotoimprovesettlingcharacteristicsofthewastes.improvesettlingcharacteristicsofthewastes.n n原水的氯化有时用于气味控制
12、和提高废物的稳定特性。原水的氯化有时用于气味控制和提高废物的稳定特性。4n nPrimaryTreatmentUnitsPrimaryTreatmentUnitsn nPrimaryPrimarytreatmenttreatmentisissedimentation.sedimentation.InIncommoncommonusage,usage,thoughthoughthethetermincludesthepreliminarytreatmentprocesses.termincludesthepreliminarytreatmentprocesses.n n主主要要处处理理方方法法是
13、是沉沉淀淀。在在常常见见的的用用法法，虽虽然然该该术术语语包包括括前前处处理工艺。理工艺。n nSedimentationSedimentation ofof rawwastewaterrawwastewater isis practicedpracticed inin allall largelargemunicipalplantsandmustprecedetrickling(biological)filtration.municipalplantsandmustprecedetrickling(biological)filtration.n n在在大大型型的的市市政政污污水水厂厂中中原原
14、水水的的沉沉淀淀和和必必须须在在滴滴滤滤池池（生生物物处处理）前。理）前。n nCompletelymixedCompletelymixedactivated-sludgeactivated-sludgeprocessesprocessescancanbebeusedusedtototreattreatunsettledunsettled rawraw wastewater;wastewater; however,however, thisthis methodmethod isis restrictedrestricted totosmallsmall municipalitiesmunic
15、ipalities becausebecause ofof thethe costscosts involvedinvolved inin sludgesludgedisposalandoperation.disposalandoperation.n n完完全全混混合合式式活活性性污污泥泥法法被被用用来来处处理理不不沉沉降降的的原原水水，然然而而，因因为污泥处理费用和操作，这个方法一般不在小的城市使用，为污泥处理费用和操作，这个方法一般不在小的城市使用，5n nSecondaryTreatmentUnitsSecondaryTreatmentUnitsn nPrimaryPrimarysedi
16、mentationsedimentationremovesremoves30%50%30%50%ofofthethesuspendedsuspendedsolidssolidsinrawmunicipalwastewater.inrawmunicipalwastewater.n n初沉池能够去除市政污水初沉池能够去除市政污水3030 5050的悬浮固体。的悬浮固体。n nRemainingRemaining organicorganic mattermatter isis extractedextracted inin biologicalbiological secondaryseconda
17、rytreatmenttreatmenttotothetheallowableallowableeffluenteffluentresidualresidualusingusingactivated-sludgeactivated-sludgeprocesses,tricklingfilters,orbiologicaltowers.processes,tricklingfilters,orbiologicaltowers.n n剩剩余余的的有有机机物物在在二二级级生生物物处处理理被被吸吸附附已已达达到到出出水水的的浓浓度度标标准准，一般二级处理为活性污泥工艺，滴滤池或生物塔。一般二级处理为活
18、性污泥工艺，滴滤池或生物塔。n nInIn thethe activated-sludgeactivated-sludge methodmethod wastewaterwastewater isis fedfed continuouslycontinuouslyintointo anan aeratedaerated tank,tank, wheremicroorganismswheremicroorganisms synthesizesynthesize thetheorganics.organics.n n在在活活性性污污泥泥法法，废废水水被被连连续续地地送送入入曝曝气气池池，在在这这里
19、里微微生生物物合合成有机物。成有机物。6n nTheThe resultingmicrobialresultingmicrobialflocfloc (activated(activatedsludge)sludge) isis settledsettledfromfromthethe aeratedaerated mixedmixed liquorliquor underunder quiescentquiescent conditionsconditions inin a a finalfinalclarifierandreturnedtotheaerationtank.clarifier
20、andreturnedtotheaerationtank.n n产产生生的的微微生生物物絮絮体体（活活性性污污泥泥），在在沉沉淀淀池池中中从从曝曝气气混混合合液液中分离出来，并返回到曝气池。中分离出来，并返回到曝气池。n nTheplanteffluentisclearsupernatantfromsecondarysettling.Theplanteffluentisclearsupernatantfromsecondarysettling.n n出厂水为二沉池后的上清液。出厂水为二沉池后的上清液。n nAdvantagesAdvantagesofofliquidliquidaeration
21、aerationarearehigh-BODhigh-BODremovals,removals,abilityabilitytototreattreathigh-strengthhigh-strengthwastewater,wastewater,andandadaptabilityadaptabilityforforfuturefutureuseuseininplantconversiontoadvancedtreatment.plantconversiontoadvancedtreatment.7n nOnOn thethe otherother hand,hand, a a highhi
22、gh degreedegree ofof operationaloperational controlcontrol isisneeded,needed,shockshockloadsloadsmaymayupsetupsetthethestabilitystabilityofofthethebiologicalbiologicalprocess,process,andandsustainedsustainedhydraulichydraulicorororganicorganicoverloadingoverloadingresultsresultsinprocessfailure.inpr
23、ocessfailure.n n另另一一方方面面，操操作作控控制制要要求求高高，冲冲击击负负荷荷会会扰扰乱乱生生物物处处理理工工艺艺的的稳稳定定，持持续续的的水水力力或或者者有有机机负负荷荷会会导导致致处处理理工工艺艺的的失失败。败。8n nTricklingTricklingfiltersfiltersandandrotatingrotatingbiologicalbiologicalcontactorscontactorshavehavemediamediatosupportmicrobialfilms.tosupportmicrobialfilms.n n滴滤池和生物转盘通过媒介支撑生物
24、膜。滴滤池和生物转盘通过媒介支撑生物膜。n nTheseTheseslimeslimegrowthsgrowthsextractextractorganicsorganicsfromfromthethewastewaterwastewaterasasitittricklesoverthesurfaces.tricklesoverthesurfaces.n n这些生物膜从流过滤料的废水中吸取有机物。这些生物膜从流过滤料的废水中吸取有机物。n nOxygenOxygen isis suppliedsupplied fromfrom airair movingmoving throughthroug
25、h voidsvoids inin thethemedia,media, ExcessiveExcessive biologicalbiological growthgrowth washeswashes outout andand isiscollectedinthesecondaryclarifier.collectedinthesecondaryclarifier.n n氧氧气气从从媒媒介介中中间间的的空空隙隙补补给给。产产生生的的过过量量生生物物膜膜被被冲冲洗洗，在二沉池中收集。在二沉池中收集。9n n InInnorthernnorthernclimatesclimatestwo-s
26、tagetwo-stagestone-mediastone-mediatricklingtricklingfiltersfiltersareareneededtoachieveefficienttreatment.neededtoachieveefficienttreatment.n n在在北北方方的的气气候候，两两阶阶段段的的石石头头滤滤料料的的滴滴滤滤池池被被采采用用以以实实现现高效处理。高效处理。n nBiologicaltowersmaybeeithersingleortwo-stagesystems.Biologicaltowersmaybeeithersingleortwo-sta
27、gesystems.n n生物塔可以是一段或两段系统。生物塔可以是一段或两段系统。n nAdvantagesAdvantagesofoffiltrationfiltrationareareeaseeaseofofoperationoperationandandcapacitycapacitytotoacceptacceptshockshockloadsloadsandandoverloadingoverloadingwithoutwithoutcausingcausingcompletecompletefailure.failure.n n过过滤滤优优点点在在于于易易于于操操作作而而且且能能够
28、够接接受受冲冲击击负负荷荷和和超超负负荷荷，而不会引起失败。而不会引起失败。10n nSludgeDisposalSludgeDisposaln nPrimaryPrimary sedimentationsedimentation andand secondarysecondary biologicalbiological flocculationflocculationprocessesprocesses concentrateconcentrate thethe wastewaste organicsorganics intointo a a volumevolume ofofsludge
29、sludge significantlysignificantly lessless thanthan thethe quantityquantity ofof wastewaterwastewatertreated.treated.n n初初沉沉污污和和二二级级生生物物絮絮凝凝过过程程浓浓缩缩废废物物，形形成成的的污污泥泥体体积积远远小于被处理污水的量。小于被处理污水的量。n nButBut disposaldisposal ofof thethe accumulatedaccumulated wastewaste sludgesludge isis a a majormajoreconom
30、icfactorinwastewatertreatment.economicfactorinwastewatertreatment.n n但是，收集起来的污泥的处置费用是污水处理的主要因素。但是，收集起来的污泥的处置费用是污水处理的主要因素。n nTheThe constructionconstruction costcost ofof a a sludgesludge processingprocessing facilityfacility isisapproximatelyone-thirdthatofatreatmentplant.approximatelyone-thirdthato
31、fatreatmentplant.n n污泥处理设施的建设费大约占水厂费用的污泥处理设施的建设费大约占水厂费用的1/31/3。11n nFlowFlow schemesschemes forfor withdrawal,withdrawal, holding,holding, andand thickeningthickening rawrawwastewastesludgesludgefromfromsedimentationsedimentationtankstanksareareillustratedillustratedininFig.Fig.3-3-4.4.n n图图3-43-4示意
32、了沉淀池中污泥排出、存储、浓缩流程图。示意了沉淀池中污泥排出、存储、浓缩流程图。n nTheThesettledsettledsolidssolidsfromfromclarificationclarificationofoftricklingtricklingfilterfiltereffluenteffluentarearefrequentlyfrequentlyreturnedreturnedtotothetheplantplantheadheadforforremovalremovalwithwiththetheprimarysludge(topdiagramFig.3-4).prim
33、arysludge(topdiagramFig.3-4).n n经经生生物物滤滤池池出出水水后后的的沉沉淀淀物物，返返回回水水厂厂头头部部，与与初初沉沉污污泥泥一同被去除。一同被去除。n n RawRawsettlingssettlingsmaymaybebestoredstoredininthetheprimaryprimarytanktankbottombottomuntiluntilprocessedorpumpedintoaholdingtankforstorage.processedorpumpedintoaholdingtankforstorage.n n初沉池底部的沉淀物通过泵抽
34、取到污泥池。初沉池底部的沉淀物通过泵抽取到污泥池。12n nTheThe withdrawnwithdrawn sludgesludge maymay bebe concentratedconcentrated inin a a thickener,thickener,usuallyagravity-typeunit,priortoprocessing.usuallyagravity-typeunit,priortoprocessing.n n排出的污泥在浓缩池中浓缩。排出的污泥在浓缩池中浓缩。n n InInthethebottombottomdiagramdiagramofofFig.Fi
35、g.3-4,3-4,waste-activatedwaste-activatedsludgesludgeisismixedmixedwithprimaryresidueafterwithdrawal.withprimaryresidueafterwithdrawal.n n在在图图3-43-4的的下下面面的的示示意意图图中中，剩剩余余活活性性污污泥泥与与初初沉沉污污泥泥混混合合处处理。理。n n AA holdingholding tanktank isis commonlycommonly usedused inin thisthis systemsystem arrangement,arr
36、angement,alongwithathickener.alongwithathickener.n n在浓缩池之前，存在一个污泥存储池。在浓缩池之前，存在一个污泥存储池。n nTheThewastewasteactivatedactivatedmaymaybebethickenedthickenedseparatelyseparatelyororthethecombinedcombinedsludgethickenedpriortoprocessing.sludgethickenedpriortoprocessing.n n剩剩余余活活性性污污泥泥有有可可能能被被单单独独浓浓缩缩，也也有有可
37、可能能与与其其他他污污泥泥联联合合浓浓缩。缩。13n nCommonalternativesforprocessinganddisposalofrawsludgeareanaerobicCommonalternativesforprocessinganddisposalofrawsludgeareanaerobicdigestionandmechanicaldewateringbyvacuumorpressurefiltration.digestionandmechanicaldewateringbyvacuumorpressurefiltration.n n常见的方法处理和处置生污泥厌氧消化
38、和机械脱水是由真空或压力过滤。常见的方法处理和处置生污泥厌氧消化和机械脱水是由真空或压力过滤。 n nCentrifugationandwetcombustionarelessoftenemployed.Centrifugationandwetcombustionarelessoftenemployed.n n离心和湿式燃烧更经常使用。离心和湿式燃烧更经常使用。n n n nConventionalmethodsofdisposalincludeburialinlandfill,incineration,productionConventionalmethodsofdisposalinclud
39、eburialinlandfill,incineration,productionofsoilconditioner,andbargingtosea.ofsoilconditioner,andbargingtosea.n n常规方法处理包括埋葬在垃圾填埋、焚烧、生产的土壤改良剂，和驳运到海洋。常规方法处理包括埋葬在垃圾填埋、焚烧、生产的土壤改良剂，和驳运到海洋。 n nForcoastalcitiesoceandumpingisoftenleastexpensive,whereasburialisregularlyForcoastalcitiesoceandumpingisoftenleast
40、expensive,whereasburialisregularlypracticediflandfillareaisavailable.practicediflandfillareaisavailable.n n对于沿海城市海洋倾倒往往是最便宜的，如果垃圾填埋区是可用的，填埋经常对于沿海城市海洋倾倒往往是最便宜的，如果垃圾填埋区是可用的，填埋经常采用。采用。 n nIncinerationalthoughmorecostly,isfrequentlytheonlyfeasiblemethodofdisposalIncinerationalthoughmorecostly,isfrequent
41、lytheonlyfeasiblemethodofdisposalinurbanizedareas.inurbanizedareas.n n焚烧，虽然更昂贵，通常是唯一可行的处置方法在城市化的地区。焚烧，虽然更昂贵，通常是唯一可行的处置方法在城市化的地区。 14n nAllAll possiblepossible sludge-disposalsludge-disposal processesprocesses forfor a a municipalmunicipal treatmenttreatmentplantmustbegivencarefulconsideration.plantmu
42、stbegivencarefulconsideration.n n对所有的污泥处置方式，污水厂必须仔细衡量。对所有的污泥处置方式，污水厂必须仔细衡量。n n TheThemethodmethodselectedselectedshouldshouldbebethethemostmosteconomicaleconomicalprocess,process,ififititisbest,withdueregardtoenvironmentalconditions.isbest,withdueregardtoenvironmentalconditions.n nAttentionAttention
43、mustmustbebegivengiventotosuchsuchfactorsfactorsasastruckingtruckingsludgesludgethroughthroughresidentialresidential areas,areas, futurefuture useuse ofof landfilllandfill areas,areas, groundwatergroundwaterpollution,pollution,airairpollution,pollution,otherotherpotentialpotentialpublicpublichealthh
44、ealthhazards,hazards,andandesthetics.esthetics.n n必必须须注注意意通通过过居居住住区区的的污污泥泥运运输输等等因因素素，将将来来使使用用垃垃圾圾的的地地区区，地下水污染、空气污染、其他潜在的公共卫生风险，和美学。地下水污染、空气污染、其他潜在的公共卫生风险，和美学。 15n nAdvancedwastewatertreatmentAdvancedwastewatertreatmentn nPhosphorusPhosphorus removalremoval isis practicedpracticed inin processingproc
45、essing wastewaterwastewater thatthatdischargeddischargedtotoreceivingreceivingwaterswaterssubjectsubjecttotoeutrophicationeutrophication includingincludinglakes,lakes,reservoirs,reservoirs,andandslow-movingslow-movingriversriversactingactinglikelikeimpoundments.impoundments.n n磷磷是是污污水水处处理理的的主主要要去去除除
46、物物，因因为为磷磷排排入入受受纳纳水水体体，如如河河流流、水库以及水流较慢的河流，会引起水体富营养化。水库以及水流较慢的河流，会引起水体富营养化。n nSinceSince nitrogennitrogen removalremoval isis muchmuch moremore difficultdifficult andand costly,costly, itit isisrarelyrarely performed,performed, althoughalthough nitrificationnitrification toto reducereduce thethe ammon
47、iaammoniacontentcontent isis sometimessometimes donedone toto controlcontrol thethe oxygenoxygen demanddemand andandtoxicityoftheplanteffluent.toxicityoftheplanteffluent.n n因因为为氮氮的的去去除除相相对对困困难难和和昂昂贵贵，很很难难实实现现。尽尽管管硝硝化化作作用用能能够够降低氨氮的浓度，控制需氧量和出水毒性。降低氨氮的浓度，控制需氧量和出水毒性。16n nWaterWater reclamationreclamatio
48、n isis achievedachieved inin varyingvarying degreesdegrees byby manymanyplantsplants dependingdepending onon thethe locallocal environmentalenvironmental concerns;concerns;however,however,onlyonlya afewfewlarge-scalelarge-scaleplantsplantsarearereclaimingreclaimingwaterwatertotonearnearoriginaloriginalquality.quality.AdvancedAdvancedwastewaterwastewatertreatmenttreatmentprocessesarediscussedlateron.processesarediscussedlateron.n n许许多多水水厂厂在在不不同同程程度度上上实实现现了了水水的的再再生生，这这些些取取决决于于当当地地的的环环境境状状况况。然然后后，只只有有很很少少的的大大型型水水厂厂能能够够再再生生水水达达到到原水水质。污水的深度处理在滞后进行探讨。原水水质。污水的深度处理在滞后进行探讨。17Thanks！18
