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1、 Gender Differences & Sexism 印睿印睿 HBUTYinR1References1Fasold,R.The Sociolinguistics of Language M. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000. 2Hudson,R.A. SociolinguisticsM. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.3李经纬.语言性别差异及其原因解释J.山东外语教学，1998（3）:12-15.4刘建达.语言中的性
2、别歧视与解放J.山东外语教学，1998（1）:8-10.5潘世松，王艳. 汉语词语的性别歧视论略J. 江西社会科学, 2002（6）:68-70.6潘建. 英汉语言性别歧视的比较研究J. 外语与外语教学 2001（3）:14-16.7吴彬彬. 社会语言学的性别模式分析D.上海：上海师范大学，2006.8 西蒙娜德波伏娃. 第二性M. 陶铁柱译. 北京: 中国书籍出版社, 1998. 9于国栋，吴亚欣. 语言和性别：差异与共性并重 J.外语教学，2002（2）：24-28.10张宁娇. 浅析言语行为的性别差异和性别歧视J.首都师范大学学报，2008(6): 84-87.2ContentsIntr
3、oductionGenderDifferencesSexismAComparativeStudybetweenChineseandEnglishinGenderDifferencesandSexismSummary 3Introduction丹麦著名语言学家丹麦著名语言学家JespersenJespersen在他的著作语言、本质、发展及起源在他的著作语言、本质、发展及起源（19221922）中介绍了女性语言诸种表现及特点。他率先从语言学角）中介绍了女性语言诸种表现及特点。他率先从语言学角度研究度研究“性别语言性别语言”。在谈到男女交际时，语言学家。在谈到男女交际时，语言学家Deborah De
4、borah TannenTannen就指出就指出“不同的话语，不同的世界不同的话语，不同的世界”。当代有关男女语言差。当代有关男女语言差别的论著专门阐述了性别差异在语言里的种种表现，美国人类学家别的论著专门阐述了性别差异在语言里的种种表现，美国人类学家曾提出建立新的语言学科曾提出建立新的语言学科- -性别语言学，引起了广泛关注。著名语言性别语言学，引起了广泛关注。著名语言学家学家LakoffLakoff（19751975），），TrudgillTrudgill（19941994）和）和RomaineRomaine（19941994）等都在）等都在此领域有广泛深入的研究。我国语言学界对性别语言的
5、关注始于此领域有广泛深入的研究。我国语言学界对性别语言的关注始于2020世纪世纪6060年代。在社会语言学、社会心理语言学等领域有陈原的社年代。在社会语言学、社会心理语言学等领域有陈原的社会语言学会语言学(1983)(1983)，陈松岑的社会语言学教程，陈松岑的社会语言学教程(1985)(1985)，刘宁的，刘宁的语言学概论语言学概论(1987)(1987)王德春的社会心理语言学王德春的社会心理语言学(1995)(1995)白解红白解红性别语言文化与语用研究（性别语言文化与语用研究（20002000）都不同程度地提出了性别语）都不同程度地提出了性别语言研究问题。言研究问题。4国内外性别研究的三
6、个方面国内外性别研究的三个方面 The sexual discrimination of language to women and its innovation scheme 语言对女性的歧视语言对女性的歧视The gender differences of language,which is the differences of language use between males and females 语言的性别差异语言的性别差异The study of the factors that lead to sexual discrimination and broader differe
7、nces in language use 语言性别歧视和差异的成因研究语言性别歧视和差异的成因研究5GendervsSexRonaldWardhaughoncesaid:“Sexisbiologicaldeterminedwhereasgenderisasocialconstruct(butoneheavilygroundedinsex)involvingthewholegamutofpsychological,social,andculturaldifferencesbetweenmalesandfemales.Inthisview,genderrolesratherthansexroles
8、shouldbeourconcernindiscussion”.Gender社会性别社会性别具有后天性和可更改性。通过社会化渠道传承，表现在制度、观念等领域，社会对两性及两性关系的规范、要求和评价。可以通过社会机制的运作不断改变或构建。社会性别一旦形成就具有相对稳定性。Sex生理性别生理性别具有先天性是由生物遗传因素决定的。它关乎基因、生殖腺以及荷尔蒙。性别一旦形成一般不会改变，除非技术介入。 Gender Differences6 Gender Differences7 Gender Differencesthesocialregulations8 Gender Differencesthe
9、socialregulations 坚强勇敢坚强勇敢 温柔纤弱温柔纤弱果断干脆果断干脆 优柔寡断优柔寡断男才男才 女貌女貌 男性特点男性特点 女性特点女性特点 9Qualitativetypeofgenderdifferences 绝对性别差异绝对性别差异静态静态*Quantitativetypeofgenderdifferences 相对性别差异相对性别差异动态动态 Gender Differencesthelanguageforms10 Gender DifferencesgenderpatternThe description Auniversalphenomenonshownupinm
10、ostsocialinguisticstudies,canbeputinthisway:inanysocietywheremalesandfemaleshaveequalaccesstothestandardform,femalesusestandardvariantsofanystablevariablewhichissociallystratifiedforbothsexesmoreoftenthanmalesdo.11The conceptsUniversalprestigeandlocalprestigeOvertandCovertprestigeGender Differencesg
11、enderpattern12The explanationThestatus-consciousexplanationThesocial-networkexplanationTheverbalsuperiorityexplanationThesymbolicvalueofvariantsexplanationGender Differencesgenderpattern13Lakoffs6categoriesoflanguageusethataresharplydifferentiatedbythesexofthespeaker:Lexicaldistinctionssuchascolorte
12、rmsStrongversusweakexpletivesWomensversusneutraladjectivesTagquestionsQuestionintonationwithstatementsyntaxStrengthofdirectivespeechactsGender Differences14InEnglish:womenusemoreingpronunciationsandfewerin/in/pronunciationsthanmeninwordslikeswimmingandtyping.m:ome/h/homef:homeIntonation patterns Wom
13、enusingcertainpatternsassociatedwithsurpriseandpolitenessmoreoftenthanmen.Womenmayansweraquestionwithastatementthatemploystherisingintonationpatternusuallyassociatedwithaquestionratherthanthefallingintonationpatternassociatedwithmakingafirmstatement. Gender Differencesphonologicallevel15 Gender Diff
14、erenceslexicallevelA.InEnglish,womenusecolor wordslikemauve,lavenderandmagenta.B. Adjectivessuchasadorable,charming,divine,lovelyandsweetarealsocommonlyusedbywomen.C.Womenarealsosaidtohavetheir own vocabularyforemphasizingcertaineffectsonthem,wordsandexpressionssuchassogood,suchfun,exquisiteandfanta
15、stic.16Gender Differences syntacticallevelA. Theuseofinterrogativesentences.Womenoftenaddtagquestionstostatement. B. Theuseofpluralform.C. Thevalidityofgrammar17 Gender Differencesintention&attentionMaleFemaleIntention competition intimacyaggressionconnectionteasinginclusivesolvingproblemsrelationsh
16、iprapportcommunityproblemnovicelisteningAttentionbusiness, legalmattersfeelings,dailylife,economy,politics family,fashionsports18Itissuggestedthatwomenaremorenurturing,supportiveandcooperativethanmen.Thecharacteristicsofwomenstalkarecollaboration,cooperation,balancingofspeakingrights,symmetryandmutu
17、alsupport.Itisarguedthatmenandwomencomefromdifferentsociolinguisticsubcultures.Gender Differencessummary19 Biological factors Social factors Gender Differences thefactorsMenandwomenhavedifferent conversational norms asaresultofinteractinginsingle-sexpeergroupsaschildren.Differentsocializationpattern
18、scauseboystobeconcernedwithstatusandself-assertion,whilegirlsaremoregearedtoinvolvementandunderstanding.20 SexismFrailty,thynameiswoman!-WilliamShakespeare21Theassumptionthatonesexissuperiortotheotherandtheresultantdiscriminationpracticedagainstmembersofthesupposedinferiorsex,especially:bymenagainst
19、women;alsoinconformitywiththetraditionalstereotypingofsocialrolesonthebasisofsex.-OxfordEnglishDictionary Sexismthedefinition22 SexismthetypesMale privilege:Theideathatmenbenefitfromcertainrightsandprivilegesnotavailabletowomen.StereotypesLegalstatusDomesticViolenceEducationProfessionsMarginalizatio
20、n23 The Princess -Alfred Tennyson Man for the field and woman for the hearth;Man for the sword and for the needle she.Man with the head and woman with the heart：Man to command and woman to obey. Sexism男人耕作女持家；男人耕作女持家；男男上战场女纺纱。上战场女纺纱。男人冷静女犹柔；男人冷静女犹柔；男施命令女听话男施命令女听话。24Sexism sexistlanguage*Maletermspre
21、cedefemaleterms*Maletermsusedtorefertopeopleingeneral*Femininewordsformedfrommasculinewords*Negtivemeaninginfemininewords25To sum up, Lakoff argues that a female speaker faces a double bind. If she doesnt learn to speak like a lady, she will be criticized or scolded. If, on the other hand, she doesn
22、t learn to speak like a lady,she will be systematically denied access to power on the ground that she is not capable of holding it, with her linguistic behavior as partial evidence for that claim. Sexismsummary26英汉语性别歧视现象比较研究英汉语性别歧视现象比较研究ThesisAnalysis27Feminismisamajorsourceoffemaleexperienceandmot
23、ivationforsocialtheoryandpoliticalmovement.女性主义/女权运动/女权主义是指一个主要由女性经验为来源与动机的社会理论与政治运动。Thereisariseintheuseofgender-neutrallanguageinwesternworldtheavoidanceofgender-specificjobtitles,non-parallelusage,andotherusagethatisfeltbysometobesexist.Sexismfeminism28Sexism avoidanceUsingpluralformstoinsteadofs
24、ingleformsUsingwe/us/ourrewritetheoriginalsentenceRewritingwiththesecondpersonpronounRewritingwithpassivevoiceCompletelyomittingthepronounInsteadwitharticle,usingsome,one,theone,nooneandotherstoreplacethethirdpersonpronouns29 不同的女不同的女人要这样夸人要这样夸 妖的叫美女，刁的叫才女， 木的叫淑女，蔫的叫温柔， 凶的叫直爽，傻的叫阳光， 狠的叫冷艳，土的叫端庄， 洋的叫气质，怪的叫个性， 匪的叫干练，嫩的叫青春靓丽， 老的叫丰韵犹存，浪的叫众星捧月， 牛的叫傲雪凌风，闲的叫追求自我，弱的叫小鸟依人。 Summaryrespct for women30谢谢观赏31
