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1、PhotosofMarkTwainMorePhotos(1) LifeA.MarkTwainisthepseudonymofSamuelLanghorneClemens.“MarkTwain”means“twofathomsdepthofnavigablewater”.B.HelivedinatownnamedHannibalalongtheMississippiwhenhewasachild.Hislifeexperienceinthetownwasusedinhisfamousnovels.C.Hisfatherdiedwhenhewas12andthenheleftschool.D.He
2、livedonallkindsofoddjobsandthenwenttotheWest.Heworkedasareporterthereandwrotelotsoffrontierhumors.E.AftermarriagehemovedtoNewEnglandandthengraduallybecameafamouswriter.F.Hislatelifewasatragedy.(failureofinvestment,deathofhiswifeandtwodaughters)(2) WorksShortstoryNovelsSocialCriticShortstorymostfamou
3、soneis“TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty”(afrontierhumorwhichmadeTwainbecomefamous)“TheMillionPoundNote”“RunningforGovernor”Novels“TheGildedAge”(ThenovelisnotanexcellentonebutitgivesthenameofanagetheseveraldecadesaftertheCivilWar.)“TheAdventuresofTomSawyer”“TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn”(Th
4、etwoadventuresarehismasterpieces.)“LifeonMississippi”SocialCriticMarkTwainisanidealistwhobelievedfreedom,justiceandbrotherhoodofman.HewrotelotsofpassagescriticizingtheracialdiscriminationtowardsChineseinAmericaandhealsowroteapassagecondemningtheunfairinvasionofChinain1900.OurSelectionThe Gilded AgeT
5、he Adventures of Huckleberry FinnThe Adventures of Huckleberry FinnA.Setting:around1850s,beforetheCivilWar;asmalltownneartheMississippiB.Plot:Readpage372.C.theme:humanismwillfinallywinD.Notice:thisnovelwasthefirstfamousnovelaboutgrowingupandshowingthecontradictionsbetweenadultsworldandteenagersworld
6、E.Thenovelusedvividdetailsfromactuallifesuccessfully.F.Specialpointofview:serioussocialproblemsdiscussedthroughthenarrationofalittleilliterateboyE.Colloquialstyle:averyimportantcontributionofthisnoveltoAmericanliteratureG.Featuresofthelanguageusedinthenovel:mostlyAnglo-Saxoninorigin,short,concretean
7、ddirectineffect;sentencestructureismostlysimpleorcompound;repetitionofwords;ungrammaticalelementsThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (book-cover and illustration )AnalysisofthisNovelPlot summaryCharactersThemesPlotsummaryLifeinSt.PetersburgTheGrangerfordsandtheShepherdsonsTheDukeandtheKingJimsescapeC
8、onclusionCharactersHuckleberry FinnTom SawyerWidow Douglas and Miss WatsonJimPapThe duke and the dauphin Judge Thatcher Huckleberry FinnTheprotagonistandnarratorofthenovel.Huckisthethirteen-year-oldsonofthelocaldrunkofSt.Petersburg,Missouri,atownontheMississippiRiver.Frequentlyforcedtosurviveonhisow
9、nwitsandalwaysabitofanoutcast,Huckisthoughtful,intelligent(thoughformallyuneducated),andwillingtocometohisownconclusionsaboutimportantmatters,eveniftheseconclusionscontradictsocietysnorms.Nevertheless,Huckisstillaboy,andisinfluencedbyothers,particularlybyhisimaginativefriend,Tom.Tom SawyerHucksfrien
10、d,andtheprotagonistofTom Sawyer,thenoveltowhichHuckleberry Finnisostensiblythesequel.InHuckleberry Finn,TomservesasafoiltoHuck:imaginative,dominating,andgiventowildplanstakenfromtheplotsofadventurenovels,TomiseverythingthatHuckisnot.Tomsstubbornrelianceonthe“authorities”ofromancenovelsleadshimtoacts
11、ofincrediblestupidityandstartlingcruelty.HisrigidadherencetosocietysconventionsalignsTomwiththe“sivilizing”forcesthatHucklearnstoseethroughandgraduallyabandons.Widow Douglas and Miss WatsonTwowealthysisterswholivetogetherinalargehouseinSt.PetersburgandwhoadoptHuck.ThegauntandsevereMissWatsonisthemos
12、tprominentrepresentativeofthehypocriticalreligiousandethicalvaluesTwaincriticizesinthenovel.TheWidowDouglasissomewhatgentlerinherbeliefsandhasmorepatiencewiththemischievousHuck.WhenHuckactsinamannercontrarytosocietalexpectations,itistheWidowDouglaswhomhefearsdisappointing.JimOneofMissWatsonshousehol
13、dslaves.Jimissuperstitiousandoccasionallysentimental,butheisalsointelligent,practical,andultimatelymoreofanadultthananyoneelseinthenovel.Jimsfrequentactsofselflessness,hislongingforhisfamily,andhisfriendshipwithbothHuckandTomdemonstratetoHuckthathumanityhasnothingtodowithrace.BecauseJimisablackmanan
14、darunawayslave,heisatthemercyofalmostalltheothercharactersinthenovelandisoftenforcedintoridiculousanddegradingsituations.PapHucksfather,thetowndrunkandneer-do-well.Papisawreckwhenheappearsatthebeginningofthenovel,withdisgusting,ghostlikewhiteskinandtatteredclothes.TheilliteratePapdisapprovesofHuckse
15、ducationandbeatshimfrequently.Paprepresentsboththegeneraldebasementofwhitesocietyandthefailureoffamilystructuresinthenovel.The duke and the dauphinApairofconmenwhomHuckandJimrescueastheyarebeingrunoutofarivertown.Theolderman,whoappearstobeaboutseventy,claimstobethe“dauphin,”thesonofKingLouisXVIandhe
16、irtotheFrenchthrone.Theyoungerman,whoisaboutthirty,claimstobetheusurpedDukeofBridgewater.AlthoughHuckquicklyrealizesthemenarefrauds,heandJimremainattheirmercy,asHuckisonlyachildandJimisarunawayslave.Thedukeandthedauphincarryoutanumberofincreasinglydisturbingswindlesastheytraveldowntheriverontheraft.
17、Judge ThatcherThelocaljudgewhosharesresponsibilityforHuckwiththeWidowDouglasandisinchargeofsafeguardingthemoneythatHuckandTomfoundattheendofTom Sawyer. WhenHuckdiscoversthatPaphasreturnedtotown,hewiselysignshisfortuneovertotheJudge,whodoesntreallyacceptthemoney,buttriestocomfortHuck.JudgeThatcherhas
18、adaughter,Becky,whowasTomsgirlfriendinTomSawyerandwhomHuckcalls“Bessie”inthisnovel.ThemesRacism and SlaveryIntellectual and Moral EducationThe Hypocrisy of “Civilized” SocietyRacism and SlaveryAlthoughTwainwroteHuckleberry FinntwodecadesaftertheEmancipationProclamationandtheendoftheCivilWar,Americaa
19、ndespeciallytheSouthwasstillstrugglingwithracismandtheaftereffectsofslavery.Bytheearly1880s,Reconstruction,theplantoputtheUnitedStatesbacktogetherafterthewarandintegratefreedslavesintosociety,hadhitshakyground,althoughithadnotyetfailedoutright.AsTwainworkedonhisnovel,racerelations,whichseemedtobeona
20、positivepathintheyearsfollowingtheCivilWar,onceagainbecamestrained.TheimpositionofJimCrowlaws,designedtolimitthepowerofblacksintheSouthinavarietyofindirectways,broughtthebeginningofanew,insidiousefforttooppress.ThenewracismoftheSouth,lessinstitutionalizedandmonolithic,wasalsomoredifficulttocombat.Sl
21、averycouldbeoutlawed,butwhenwhiteSouthernersenactedracistlawsorpoliciesunderaprofessedmotiveofself-defenseagainstnewlyfreedblacks,farfewerpeople,NorthernorSouthern,sawtheactasimmoralandrushedtocombatit.AlthoughTwainwrotethenovelafterslaverywasabolished,hesetitseveraldecadesearlier,whenslaverywasstil
22、lafactoflife.ButevenbyTwainstime,thingshadnotnecessarilygottenmuchbetterforblacksintheSouth.Inthislight,wemightreadTwainsdepictionofslaveryasanallegoricalrepresentationoftheconditionofblacksintheUnitedStatesevenaftertheabolitionofslavery.JustasslaveryplacesthenobleandmoralJimunderthecontrolofwhiteso
23、ciety,nomatterhowdegradedthatwhitesocietymaybe,sotoodidtheinsidiousracismthataroseneartheendofReconstructionoppressblackmenforillogicalandhypocriticalreasons.InHuckleberry Finn,Twain,byexposingthehypocrisyofslavery,demonstrateshowracismdistortstheoppressorsasmuchasitdoesthosewhoareoppressed.Theresul
24、tisaworldofmoralconfusion,inwhichseemingly“good”whitepeoplesuchasMissWatsonandSallyPhelpsexpressnoconcernabouttheinjusticeofslaveryorthecrueltyofseparatingJimfromhisfamily.Intellectual and Moral EducationByfocusingonHuckseducation,Huckleberry Finnfitsintothetraditionofthebildungsroman:anoveldepictin
25、ganindividualsmaturationanddevelopment.Asapoor,uneducatedboy,forallintentsandpurposesanorphan,Huckdistruststhemoralsandpreceptsofthesocietythattreatshimasanoutcastandfailstoprotecthimfromabuse.Thisapprehensionaboutsociety,andhisgrowingrelationshipwithJim,leadHucktoquestionmanyoftheteachingsthathehas
26、received,especiallyregardingraceandslavery.Morethanonce,weseeHuckchooseto“gotohell”ratherthangoalongwiththerulesandfollowwhathehasbeentaught.Huckbasesthesedecisionsonhisexperiences,hisownsenseoflogic,andwhathisdevelopingconsciencetellshim.Ontheraft,awayfromcivilization,Huckisespeciallyfreefromsociet
27、ysrules,abletomakehisowndecisionswithoutrestriction.Throughdeepintrospection,hecomestohisownconclusions,unaffectedbytheacceptedandoftenhypocriticalrulesandvaluesofSouthernculture.Bythenovelsend,Huckhaslearnedto“read”theworldaroundhim,todistinguishgood,bad,right,wrong,menace,friend,andsoon.Hismoralde
28、velopmentissharplycontrastedtothecharacterofTomSawyer,whoisinfluencedbyabizarremixofadventurenovelsandSunday-schoolteachings,whichhecombinestojustifyhisoutrageousandpotentiallyharmfulescapades.The Hypocrisy of “Civilized” SocietyWhenHuckplanstoheadwestattheendofthenovelinordertoescapefurther“siviliz
29、ing,”heistryingtoavoidmorethanregularbathsandmandatoryschoolattendance.Throughoutthenovel,TwaindepictsthesocietythatsurroundsHuckaslittlemorethanacollectionofdegradedrulesandpreceptsthatdefylogic.Thisfaultylogicappearsearlyinthenovel,whenthenewjudgeintownallowsPaptokeepcustodyofHuck.Thejudgeprivileg
30、esPaps“rights”tohissonashisnaturalfatheroverHuckswelfare.Atthesametime,thisdecisioncommentsonasystemthatputsawhitemansrightstohis“property”hisslavesoverthewelfareandfreedomofablackman.InimplicitlycomparingtheplightofslavestotheplightofHuckatthehandsofPap,Twainimpliesthatitisimpossibleforasocietythat
31、ownsslavestobejust,nomatterhow“civilized”thatsocietybelievesandproclaimsitselftobe.Againandagain,HuckencountersindividualswhoseemgoodSallyPhelps,forexamplebutwhoTwaintakescaretoshowareprejudicedslave-owners.ThisshakysenseofjusticethatHuckrepeatedlyencountersliesattheheartofsocietysproblems:terribleactsgounpunished,yetfrivolouscrimes,suchasdrunkenlyshoutinginsults,leadtoexecutions.SherburnsspeechtothemobthathascometolynchhimaccuratelysummarizestheviewofsocietyTwaingivesinHuckleberry Finn:ratherthanmaintaincollectivewelfare,societyinsteadismarkedbycowardice,alackoflogic,andprofoundselfishness.
